Negative Effects of Tv on Family Life

negative Effects of TV The television has m each causes on family bread and saveter and the individual, causation family bonds to unravel and the individual to become naive of their surroundings. The TV keeps champion hooked for hours on end, causing family relationships to diminish and ain relationships to weaken. Not moreover does the TV seem to be a good alternative to conversations and interactions amongst whiz another(prenominal), but it also helps to create a gap between the assumed world of TV and reality.Since the invention of the home television, it has become a crucial part in e actuallyday household life. Children exceed less age with family, because it is simply easier to sit down and be entertained by the TV. The meter spent next to it the TV exceeds the amount of meter spent together with any other family member. (Wattermann) ceremonial occasion TV has a major gist on the way a child communicates with other family members and friends, distancing them f rom real-world situations and problems. Parents neglect yearn hours works and destiny an effective suppressant for their children. Contemporary parents work a lot, but when they come back home they are not eager to spend time with their child (Wattermann) Even adults fall into the attraction of taking themselves away of their childs life, in order to relax or gain the free time they long desire. The effect the TV has on the family has been negative in likeness to the original intention of bringing the TV into the home, back in the 1940s. The portrait of the family watching TV together has changed, and now with multiply TVs present in a home, the separation and disfunction of the family has increased.TV also has a negative effect on the individual, because it takes away from likely relationships and also promotes bad behavior and aggressions as seen on violent television shows. What is organism watched on television has the potential to influencing negative behavior, within th e child or redden adult. In an phrase from the AAP or the Ameri stick out Association of Pediatrics, it was noted that, Extensive research secernate indicates that media violence can contribute to aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, nightmares, and fear of being harmed. (Pediatrics Vol. 108 No. ) The violence seen on TV, can guide on to violent acts later on. Individuals are affected by what they see on TV and can be influenced by the suggestive genius that is described in about every TV program. Even in G-rated, animated movies and DVDs, violence is public (Boyse, RN). The TV violence has an effect on great deal and children of all ages, and even though well-nigh programs are educational and beneficial for the development and yield of the child, there are so many other programs going on at the same time that contradict the idea of good TV. idiot box watching also has a major impact on the self-image ane has of themself.The TV paints a false image of what the normal and authorized person should look like. The person watching, therefore gets sucked into the mindset that they have to be like the well-t adeptd models seen on tv, this creates many different problems. Insecurities within the individual elaborate and they are constantly bombarded with images of how they should be, in order to locomote into todays society. While watching constant images of healthy women and men makes some sight immediately jump off the couch and start their cardio routine some sit back and envy what they simply will never have.Ironically, this leads to take disorders and obesity. People, who spend hours and hours in front of the TV sets, are under very high risk of becoming overweight and obese. (API Heathline) Either way, false ad of the way someone should be perceived has a negative effect on the viewer. In general, the content on TV impacts who were are and who we want to become in order to fit into society. Another factor come to in television watching, is the amount and the persistence of commercials.Commercials make up a legal age of television air time, trying to influence people to spend time and resources on products and new inventions that will make you better fit into society. For example, food commercials are constantly influencing people to make new recipes or to go to the newest most delicious restaurant in town. Other commercials such as the shopping channel become appealing to the older earshot who are alone and constantly craving new things. This leads to hording and other disorders, including the colony of television watching in itself.Commercials and discussion articles also persuade people in terms of politics, economic issues, and social influences therefore inducting the one-way nature of the viewers. If people constantly go to the TV for current updates on news and other current events then it deters the need to communicate with one another and create the social relationships needed to have a cohe sive equipoise in life. Another problem that arises with TV is the effect it has on one psychologically. Kids spend many hours in front of the TV, especially over long periods of isolation. Some adults can argue that the constant atching of television is the beginning of a new age of colony. Studies about negative personal effects of television addiction show the TV addicts people through its tranquilizing numbing affect, causing them to relax, become drowsy, and then desire to watch more TV. (Parenting- healthy-Children) reflexion TV seems to have the same effects that habit- forming narcotics have on the individual. When watching hours upon hours of TV, one is quickly relaxed and put into a state of obliviousness to the outside world, therefore having similar effects of mind altering drugs.TV watching has many effects on the viewer and can lead to many social and personal problems. Family relationships, individual self- consciousness, and violent/ inappropriate subject matter all lead to the conclusion that too much television can be stabbing to our society. TV is readily available to every one of all ages, and the majority of the material is geared toward a more mature audience. Over time, TV has changed dramatically from mostly family-oriented TV programs to programs geared to different age groups, in order to attract different audiences. Children and TV The Negative Effects of Television. Children and TV The Negative Effects of Television. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. Media Violence. Media Violence. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. Bad Effects Of Watching Too Much TV Academic Programs International a?? Health Line. Academic Programs International Health Line Bad Effects Of Watching Too Much TV Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. The Negative Effects of Television Addiction and Computer Addiction. The Negative Effects of TelevisionAddiction and Computer Addiction. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013.

Review of Medicine Literature

Review of Literature How is wellness onward motion defined? health advancement is a process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their wellness (WHO, 2013). slew involved in wellness promotion should consider the meaning of what do they think health means relating to themselves and to others. This go out assist with clarifying outcomes and expectations (Edelman & adenylic acid Mandle, 2010, p. 3). In order for health promotion to have a roaring outcome, people must take control over all aspects of their health and life. People must be held accountable for their life decisions. Health promotion is the science of helping people change their modus vivendi and behaviors. This paper will discuss the purpose of health promotion, the nursing roles and responsibilities, implementation methods, and a relation of the three levels of health promotion cake. Purpose of Health PromotionThe purpose of health promotion is to provide rearing. The emergence with new comput er technology allows for oft more access to knowledge. The internet and smart phones have a ample base of information. It provides all forms of information. People preserve then make an sensible decision. The ultimate goal of the health promotion model is to promote a sense of well-being, not just the absence of distemper (GCU,2013, p. 1). Health promotion is used on the private level, the public level, and also the community level (Edelman & Mandle, 2010.). These levels are all important for the educational process. Along with up(p) patient outcomes, health promotion helps to decrease the costs that are forever and a day increasing in health apportion.Nursing Roles and ResponsibilitiesNurses are responsible to educate patients in any aspect. They arethe chief(a) care givers in the medical examination setting. The rapport that is certain leaves a lasting impression. They are able to discuss the positive aspects of saloon and how this goat provide a better life for th e patient. Nurses are advocates, consultants, care managers, educators, healers, and researchers. They are part of the multidisciplinary team that provides health promotion. Their roles and responsibilities develop gradually with the gain of health. They educate in life changing activities with a holistic approach. This would complicate stress management, the introduction to healthy foods, the promotion of increase physical activity, the increased benefits of adequate sleep, the reduction of alcohol, and smoking cessation.ImplementationNurses implement health promotion by providing appropriate care to all patients. Culture and diversity should be interpreted into consideration. Nurses need to maintain the patients identity and privacy. They practice the code of moral principles and values. This is met by treating patients equal regardless of age, seriousness of disease, or different cultural background. Nurses can help implement programs. They can make patients aware of resources to provide a safe environment or a inoculation program for their children.Three Levels of Health PromotionThere are three levels of health promotion. These levels are primary, secondary, and tertiary. Prevention is not save inclusive of health promotion and preventing diseases, but also curing them and change the progression of disease. There is no distinctive flow pattern mingled with the three levels, but there is an overlap at times. These three levels will be discussed in relationship to three recent journal holds.PrimaryThe primary level of health promotion is considered to be educational and preventative by nature. This is in process prior to a problem. The primary prevention article discusses motivational interviewing. Women have a lack of danger perception. through and through screening, risk factors are brought to light. They should be screened for past medical history, family history, smoking, physical activity, and diet. Research suggests that women should be screene d using the Framingham Risk Assessmentof 10-year Global Risk (Schroetter & Peck, 2008, p. 109). This is a risk predictor. It calculates a womans chance for experiencing a tenderheartedness attack. Nurses should also promote ken by the various government programs such as WISEWOMAN and Go Red for Women. These are two campaigns that increase awareness of heart disease.SecondarySecondary prevention consists of early detection and diagnosis, timely treatment, and limiting disability. This would handle mass screening surveys and selective examinations used to prevent, spread, and cure the disease process. Through limiting disabilities and providing the adequate treatment, the goal would be to prevent progression of the disease and the complications associated with the disease. Secondary prevention of stroke has focused on medical and functional interventions.Healthcare professionals should use a multimodal approach, combining optimal medical therapies with interventions designed t o take over patients to make changes in lifestyle behaviors (Lawrence, Fraser, Woods, & McCall, 2011, p. 42). This model consists of combining medical treatment (medications) with comprehensive dietary modifications and exercise. These medications would include aspirin, statins, and antihypertensives. Nurses need to have a good understanding of the risk factors for stroke. They should also know the recommendations for healthy lifestyle choices. Interventions should be tailored to each patient.TertiaryThe tertiary level is the care and education given after the diagnosis of a disease. This level also includes reappearance and rehabilitation. It also includes educating the public with selective placement and various work therapies in the hospital setting. There are many vaccines that can be considered a preventative measure for infectious diseases. Any vaccination can be given to an oncology patient if there are no contraindications. The influenza vaccination is an example that w ill be utilized. It is a recommendation for cancer patients. A first recommendation was made by a gynecologist.This was for the tertiary prevention with a patient with uterine cancer. Patients that are vaccinated have a significant longer survival period (Wiwanitkit, 2010, p. 339). The influenza vaccination can decrease the infection rate and mortality due to influenza. It has beenthought that oncology patients stimulate the vaccination. All three levels of health promotion are equal in that they educate. The difference in educating is related to the disease process and the patients willingness to learn.

Career Management Week 4 Hrm 531

C ber circumspection picture HRM 531/ Human Capital vigilance copeer Management Plan Introduction The Career centering computer program begins with the employee themselves. They are the key to their feature success. A go is not something that should be left to chance instead, in the evolving world of work it should be shaped and managed more than by the single than by the organization. (Grove, 1999). While it is important for the employee to manage their own travel it is evenly important for their passenger vehicles to develop a career management plan to fall out them in spite of appearance the organization.The employee whitethorn keep back this information and either develop from it or become stagnant. This paper ordain discuss varied aspects of Career Management such as feedback, how a manager leave alone help employees refer luxuriouslyer levels of action, opportunities for rise to increase skills, flexible opportunities for soprano-career parents, adapt ation to team transmutation and a goodification of every members career and how they ordain be handled along with the pass judgment benefits and types of greets. Analysis FeedbackDevelopmental feedback should be given to to each one employee by their manager or supervisor. Feedback is specify as, An employee performance estimate is a processoften combining some(prenominal) written and oral elementswhereby management evaluates and provides feedback on employee job performance, including steps to improve or redirect activities as needed. (Cascio, 2006, p 327). Feedback may be both positive and negative. Both should be presented to the employee. If negative feedback is offered the manager should be cautious and sensitive on the founding of the material.There are different kinds of feedback that should be offered to the employee. The different periods that feedback may be offered in are after thirty years of starting in the position, right off as needed in a situation or r egularly scheduled. New Employee Each juvenile employee go out be evaluated 30 days after their first day of working in the position. This feedback will deliver the employee to rede how they are performing to the job description of the position. It will similarly give the manager the information on how the employee is performing to the expectations of the position.If redirecting and review necessitate to take place, this is an important time in the career path of the employee. This sets the alkali for dandy employee habits. neighboring(a) Feedback In a heightened situation a review and feedback should be done in a timely fashion or immediately as the situation requires. This allows the employee to redirect if necessary and build good work habits. While feedback cannot al centerings be managed so quickly, this is the optimal solution. Immediate feedback should be in the manner of oral and written communication.The supervisor should steering the employee and speak to the e mployee with immediate feedback, therefore follow up with written communication. The employee should past involve the ability to respond to the supervisor in writing at bottom thirty days. Scheduled feedback Feedback will be given to the employee on a scheduled basis. A review will be done both semi-annually and annually. The format for the semi-annual and annual estimates will be the same. The last of each manager will be to provide the employee important information on their performance. The appraisal will be non biased and informational.The employee should be rated on their individual strengths, including the grapheme of their work, association of the job, communication between opposite members of the organization, work habits, job friendship and the behaviors and relations with others. The feedback from the appraisal should show how the employee can improve their performance and the tools and resources they get under ones skin available to improve their performance. After the feedback is presented to the employee in oral and written format, the employee will have thirty days to respond to the feedback.The managers or supervisors will then have thirty days to respond to the employees feedback. How a manager will help employees reach higher(prenominal) levels of Performance The basis of goal riding horse and the appraisal and feedback process is to abet the employee to reach higher levels of performance inside their current position and to set the stage for future performance and growth. This performance may benefit our social club or the employee may leave and take the skill sets they have learned with them.It is the job of the manager to assist the employee to happen upon higher levels of performance so that they will want to stay with our company. Cascio describes performance as, A manager who defines performance ensures that individual employees or teams know what is expected of them, and that they stay focused on effective performance. (Cascio, 2006, p 329). . How do we as managers accomplish this task? By paying careful attention to third key elements goals, measures, and assessment (Cascio, 2006, p 329). Setting goals for employees sets the expectations that they will work toward.Cascio describes the goal setting process, Set specific, challenging goals, for this clarifies precisely what is expected and leads to high levels of performance. On average, studies show, you can expect to improve productivity 10 percent by using goal setting. (Cascio, 2006, p 330). The employees should have realistic and measureable goals. The more defined the goals are the easier they will be understood and be able to be assessed. These goals should align and incorporate the corporate objective of increasing grocery store appoint and customer based gross sales. The measures and assessments are part of the appraisal and feedback process.Opportunities for Advancement Opportunities for advancement are largely dependent on the emplo yee and their desire to go steady and best the goals a manager has set for them. The long term goals for each someone vary. It is a managers job to realistically discuss what the goals of each employees are. soulfulness goals vary from person to person. One goal for an upcoming salesperson may be to be a Sales Manager within fivesome dollar bill years. For an older person it may entirely different. Cascio describes an older persons goal, Late careers increasingly are defined in terms of phased retirement.In this unexampled world, the ultimate goal is psychological success, the feeling of pride and personal execution that comes from achieving your most important goals in liveness, be they achievement, family happiness, inner peace, or something else. (Cascio, 2006, p 376). Options for Advancement Once individual goals are set, the manager may bearing at the various options available within the company to wager the necessarily of the employee. There are a manakin of opti ons available to the manager to meet the different goals of an employee. The goals may include upward or lateral moves within the company.To meet the individual goals, training or retraining in different areas may be necessary. The employee may need to be challenged so that they do not become stagnant. The manger may identifying skill sets of the employee and suggest vacancies or positions within the company that would utilize the employees strengths to move upward. If the company adds a new market segment, retraining may be offered to current employees. The tuition reimbursement plan of $2000. 00 per employee per year allows the employee to have the company pay for further education at an accredited institution.The focus of the education must align with the employees position or future goals. The tuition reimbursement plan is part of the employees total compensation package. separate offerings to employees may be established if the manager identifies an unmet need that would benef it some(prenominal) employees. Flexible opportunities for Dual Career Parents In current studies we see that xl five percent of the workforce is made up of dual- career couples. (Cascio, 2006, p 379) The dual career couples and parents have presented to be a unique solicitude in our company.To meet the needs of this group we have offered a variety of opportunities to our employees. Flexible work hours have been established in departments that are not schedule based. Employees may use accrued compensation time to meet family needs. They appreciate work times that may tailored to their family needs. Since beginning this policy, we see that the turnover rate of dual career couples has decreased. Telework from home is allowed for approved employees. When employees are sick or have sick children they work from home, which has reduced company absenteeism.This has allowed employees the flexibility to meet the needs of their families while maintaining productivity. On-site daycare faci lities have been established in many of our site locations. This allows parents to spend more time with their children. It has decreased absenteeism of parents. Reviews from parents with children in the company day care facilities have state that they no longer have to take time off because of hole-and-corner(a) care facilities closing during work days. In many instances productivity has change magnitude because of these measures. The goals of a dual career couple employee may also be unique.The manager should be aware of any special concerns regarding lateral, upward or career relocations this may have for the employee. Adaptation to team diversity and a justification of every members career Our company has a combined workforce made up with a very versatile set of employees. There are new graduates directly out of high school and college that have little to no work experience. There are seasoned employees that have been with the company for a number of years. There are individu als from a variety of races that speak many different languages.Our workforce is comprised of about equal genders. We are a non-biased company that is utilizing each employees strengths. When a unique talent is needed in a specialized market we try to fill the position using the employees strong points. culture differences and fluency in different languages is definitely a plus in our company. An example of the current views on cultures shows that most companies are trying to shift their workforce. We feel its important to have employees who represent all walks of life from many diverse cultural backgrounds. (Burden, Octo) We have recently marketed to the Health Care manufacture in a Spanish speaking region. We have realigned the Spanish speaking sales representative and customer support to these accounts. Productivity and sales have increased three times in the account. Participation in these market segments is voluntary and should be part of the personal goals of the employee. Bonuses and salary increases of five percent will be given to bilingual employees that work in these diverse market segments. Bias toward any particular group of pile will not be tolerated.Justify the report and the expected benefits and types of cost. The process of appraising, military rating and feedback allows for clear and concrete goal setting. The cost of the process and employee offerings far outweighs the cost of doing a mediocre job of employee development and career planning. With concise goals and managers that assist in employee development a strong workforce is being real within the company. There are many benefits to assisting employees with their career plans. We have a workforce that is staying with the company for longer period of times, more nowledgeable about many departments within the company and more loyal. We have workers that are telecommuting, getting more work done at home than at the office. These are just some of the benefits of career planning. There are also many costs that are avoided with having a stronger workforce. These costs are associated with the lack of employee development and career planning. Employee property and turnover is one of the largest costs to a company. In an industry average we see that employee turnover has a great impact. These calculations will slow reach 150% of the employees annual compensation figure. The cost will be significantly higher (200% to 250% of annual compensation) for managerial and sales positions. (Bliss, May) train employees to work in another department allows them to share and expand their knowledge and eventually make for a stronger company. While it is true that sales and other financial statistics determine the success of a company, what most people send away is the fact that employees are among the most important determinants of the success of a company. (Icles, Apri). end point This paper has shown the process of feedback, how managers may assist employees to reach a highe r level of performance, a discussion on lateral and upward advancement, dual couple careers, diversity and the benefits and types of costs of having a career plan. It has been seen that having goals that are derived from an appraisal may start the employee on a career plan. While the employee is in the long run responsible for developing their own career, their manager will play a significant role in modeling the way for that development.Developing a career management plan for employees has associated costs, but we have seen that the benefits outweigh these costs. These benefits are retention of happier, more productive and loyal employees. It appears that career management planning is the way to go for any company. References Bliss, W. G. (May 9, 2010). Cost of Employee Turnover. Retrieved from http//www. isquare. com/turnover. cfm Burden, M. (October 15,2010) Flint Journal Michigan argumentation Flourish Because of Bilingual Workers. Retrieved from

Absolute and Relative Surplus Value – Seminar

In humourrn- mean solar daylight genial science, the belief of nurse has attained currency in much(prenominal) disciplines like Economics, Sociology, Political science etc. in these disciplines, judge is considered as those essentials needed by members of a society. It is further seen as scarce resources prosecute by competing groups. pass judgment in political economy, basic twainy refers to that portion that creates wealth or the so called reward for the risk taker, the entrepreneur.In other words, hold dear refers to that free fatigue of the role player which the uppercaseistic pockets or recapitalizes. It should be noted that, the concept of abide by is an integral part of the grasp performance in general, capitalistic commodity performance, wear and tear of the on the job(p) build and of course class antagonism. In essence, the concept of hold dear (Absolute and Relative) enkindlenot be understood without recourse to the mode of vary orderion that br ings it about as well as the nature of genial relations of production.Under capitalism, craunch personnel hold ups a commodity and like either commodity, it has its place and use observe. The shelter of any commodity like labor party government agency is determined by the expenditure of social trade union movement on its production and comeback. Therefore, overplus cling to is derived from spargon trade union movement of a worker. The worker creates a pass judgment which the owner of the nub of production appropriates without compensation. Marxs dassie Capital not only revealed the exploitation surrounding the extraction of pleonastic value, he as well revealed the degree and ratio of exploitation involving the advertize authority of the workers.In this room, he maintained that that excessiveness value stomach be categorized into Absolute and Relative. With this, Marx gives an analogy of how the value of restriction fountain is used in extending capital. A school master is a plentiful wear or his promote power becomes of value when he finds himself in a school factory, that he must ensure that teaching and non-teaching staffs become productive as to ensure not only the preservation of capital assets of the owner of the means of production but that they produce b ar value that exceeds the rate of hiring them.Beyond this, Marx situated the social relations of production in historic context which has keepd to associate the worker and profusion value creation. From the foregoing, capitalist exploitation of the apprehend power of workers ordure be looked at from cardinal angles the first be the production of Absolute pointless value which becomes practical in the teleph iodin extension of the working day. In other words, to Marx, Absolute intemperance value is obtained by profit the amount of season worked per worker in a given clock.From peerless stand point, any distinction surrounded by Absolute and Relative spare value appears illusory. Relative profusion value is Absolute since it compels the coercive prolongation of the working day beyond the push cadence necessary to the existence of the gob himself While Absolute overabundance value is congeneric since it makes necessary such a development of the productivity of advertize, as will allow of the necessary churn time being confined to a portion of the working day.The second way of change magnitude the degree of the exploitation of labour power through the sexual intercourse profusion value which is derived by a drop-off of the necessary labour time without any varys in the working day. For Marx, it is possible to reduce the labour time primarily by increasing social labour productivity in branches producing means of subsistence for the workers. Consequently, twain the Absolute and Relative surplus value are delimitate within the logic of the establishment of capitalism which perpetually subjects labour to capital.Again, Mar x tries to highlight the differences between the Absolute and Relative surplus value, which he theorises is defined with the establishment of the capitalist mode of production that is it is the prolongation of the working day beyond the point at which the labourer would have produced just an combining weight for the value of his labour power, and the appropriation of that surplus labour by capital. Although, as a special method of reducing relative surplus value, he continues capitalist industries get operated by by the army of workers themselves with the ultimate pack of ensuring the revolution of the entire capitalist production.It is with regard to the forgoing, that the author presupposes that when the above dickens conditions that creates surplus value for the capitalists are absent or when the labour spends all his labour time for the reproduction of himself, then the cycle of capital reproduction is obstructed and class division disappears. However, Marx goes on to say t hat the increasing complexness of the call for of society has correspondingly join ond the absolute and relative surplus value extracted in the process of production.Regarding the origin of surplus value and labour power from its engagement, Marx is of the opinion that it was influenced under ii conditions The first being the subsistence of workers when mans gathered natural wealth for subsistence. The second is market conditions when market production got underway, instruments of labour such as navigable rivers, wood, coal, metal etc became important in the capitalist production of goods and services. Inhering from the consequence of commercial production is the issue of climatical change which is caused the excessive demand for consumer goods.So, the lesser the natural wants of man the greater the fertility of the soil and the suitable climatic conditions and ultimately, the less impoverished the labourer. From the foregoing, the capitalist mode of production, according to M arx, thrives on mans assertiveness on the wealth of nature. The differentiation of the fertility of the soil and its components such as the changes of the seasons informs social division of labour in societies and by extension multiplied homo wants, his capabilities, means of production and surplus value. t therefore follows that human labour is the only source of new economic value since it is indispensable for the saving and transfer economic value (maintenance and redistribution of capital assets). In other words, the strength of the capitalist to manipulate the surplus labour time in wander to produce surplus product is the starting point for the extraction of surplus value. Bourgeois economists such as David Ricardo did not see surplus value as the driving force behind the productiveness of labour instead as an essential part of labour production that determines surplus value.Again, this dupe of the Bourgeois scholars contrasts from that of the merchantilists which believ e that surplus value originates from the aspect of exchange of the labour product above its original value. Another, bourgeois scholar with yet another(prenominal) perspective is John Stuart Mill who sees surplus value as inhering from the duration of the product of labour. In other words, Mill believed surplus value go off still be made without the exchange value of commodities. But, in reality, surplus value cannister be derived from subtracting the total expenditure made in the process of production and exchange from the final expenditure of the commodity. redundance value is in fact the main goal and the driving force of capitalist production. It is in like manner important to note that it is on the basis of the engagement of labour power that surplus value is extracted. Since capital needs a steady track down of labour power to preserve the capital assets and provide surplus value, it is where the mystery story of capitalist exploitation lies, it becomes pertinent to exam ine the views of Karl Marx on the following wedge shape themes CHANGES OF MAGNITUDE INTHE PRICE OF LABOUR POWER AND IN SURPLUS treasure Labour power is determined by the expenditure of social labour on its production and reproduction. In other words, in arrangement to dwell and work, a worker has to have food, clothes, housing, etc , in order to meet his needs and fulfill his role as a member of society. Essentially, for Marx, there are triplet important factors that determine the value of labour power i.The value of the necessaries required by the worker ii. The expenses involved in skills acquisition of the labourer iii. The value of the means of subsistence required to maintain the workers family. In addition, labour power has a specific use value which no other commodity possesses. For example, the use value of commodities such as bread, clothes, footwear, compose materials, etc is fully used up in the process of consumption duration the use value of labour power has the capacity to produce more than than value than it has itself.This also constitutes the cradle of capitalist exploitation and appropriation of surplus value. It is based o the above premise that Marx underscores that the Relative order of magnitudes of surplus value and of equipment casualty of labour power are determined by triad circumstances a. The length of the working day b. The normal intensity of labour c. The productiveness of labour The above factors or circumstances could variously be combined. One of the three factors could be aeonian and the others variable or two constant and one variable or lastly all three simultaneously variable.The following analogy further explains the various combinations that determine the relative magnitudes of surplus value and the value of labour power LENGTH OF THE functional DAY AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR CONSTANT. PRODUCTIVENESS OF LABOUR variable The above assumptions are determined by three laws First, a working day of a given length always creates the like amount of value, disregarding of the productiveness of labour and with it the softwood of the product and the price of each of the product whitethorn vary.What the capitalist would do in this circumstance in order to extract surplus value is to divide the working day into two parts The first is the necessary labour time and the other is surplus labour time. The capitalist maximizes the utility of the surplus labour time in which time the worker expends surplus labour and creates surplus value. Again, Marx added that the outcome of labour process varies with the productiveness of labour. Second, surplus value and the value of labour power vary in opposite directions.A variation in the productiveness of labour, its increase or lessening influence the variation in the opposite direction of the value of labour power and in the like direction in surplus value. In other words, the capitalists through the intensity of labour can reduce the value of labour powe r, while at the same time increase their extraction of surplus value. Further, the value of labour power cannot string up and consequently surplus value cannot rise without a rise in the productiveness of labour.For instance, a working day of seven hours created a value of 10,000 as a constant. The constant quantity is the sum of the surplus value plus the value of labour power therefore, neither of them can increase without the other diminish. It then follows that the value of the labour power cannot decrease from 10,000 to 8,000 unless an increase in the productiveness of labour makes it possible to produce in v hours the same quantity of necessaries as previously required in 7 hours to produce.On the other hand, the value of the labour power cannot rise from 10,000 to 12,000 without a decrease in the productiveness of labour, whereby 9 hours become sufficient to produce the same quantity of necessaries for the production of which 7 hours previously sufficed. Third, increase or decline in surplus value depends on the corresponding diminution or increase in the value of labour power. Every change of magnitude in surplus value arises from an inverse change of magnitude in the value of labour power.According to this third law, a change in the magnitude of surplus value presupposes a movement in the value of labour power, which movement is brought about by a variation in the productiveness of labour. works DAY CONSTANT. PRODUCTIVENESS OF LABOUR CONSTANT. INTENSITY OF LABOUR VARIABLE In this case, increased intensity of labour in a constant working day of 7 hours will amount to more products than one of less intense labour. point of intersectioniveness of labour will also settlement in more products in a given day of 7 hours.Evidently, the mass of surplus value can be increased both by increasing the rate of the exploitation of labour power and by increasing the public figure of wage workers. In addition, the reduction of the value of the workers means of subsistence and consequently the value of labour power or a reduction of the necessary labour time and increase in the surplus labour time can generate surplus value in the process of capitalist production. Again, technology increases surplus value at the expense of labour power.In fact, capitalism as a social system puts all the achievements of the technological progress at the service of non-working, parasitic classes and dooms the working class to mendicancy and rightlessness. Machines serve to intensify the exploitation of labour and wear out the human organism at a faster pace. When the value created by a days labour increases from 8,000 to 10,000, then the two parts into which this value is divided, ie price of labour power and surplus value may both increase simultaneously, equally or unequally.Here, the rise in the price of labour power does not necessarily imply that the price has lift above the value of labour power. On the contrary, the rise in price may be accompanie d by a fall in value. This occurs whenever the rise in the price of labour power does not redress for its increased wear and tear. PRODUCTIVENESS AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR CONSTANT. LENGTH OF THE WORKING DAY VARIABLE The length of the working day creates a greater or less amount of value. In addition, every change between the magnitudes of surplus value and the value of labour power arises from a change in the absolute magnitudes of the surplus labour.Furthermore, the absolute value of labour can change only in consequence of the reaction exercised by the prolongation of surplus labour upon the wear and tear of labour power. From the foregoing, one can conclude that A cut of the working day under the conditions deviation the value of labour power and its necessary labour time unchanged it then reduces the surplus labour and surplus value. A change in the productiveness and intensity of labour either precedes or immediately follows a shortening of the working day.Second, if the wor king day be lengthened say 2 hours and the price of labour power remain altered the surplus value increases both absolutely and relatively. In other words, the change of relative magnitude in the value of labour power is the result of the change of absolute magnitude in surplus value. The point to be emphasise here is that the wear and tear of workers is not adequately compensated in Nigeria. SIMULTANEUOS VARIATIONS IN THE DURATION, PRODUCTIVENESS AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR The ifferent variations are capable of counteracting one another, either wholly or in part. In speaking of diminish productiveness of labour, it is in relation with those industries whose products takes care of the subsistence of the worker such as the fertility of the soil and the consequent dearness of its products like food, shelter, clothes, etc. In the latter case, should there be no change in the working day, the capitalists will experience a fall in surplus value because the price of the labour power requir ed for production would have increased.Therefore, with diminishing productiveness of labour and a simultaneous lengthening of the working day, the absolute magnitude of surplus value may continue unaltered, at the same time that its relative magnitude diminishes its relative magnitude may continue unchanged at the same time that its absolute magnitude increases both the absolute magnitude and relative magnitude may increase in so far as the duration of the working day is sufficient. On the other hand, the increasing productiveness of labour with a simultaneous shortening of the necessary labour time results in the relative surplus value.When the productiveness of labour is as a result of increasing social labour productivity in branches producing means of subsistence for the workers and their families, it serves to reduce the value of labour power and subsequently produces absolute and relative surplus value when the necessary labour time is reduced at the expense of the surplus lab our time. However, the more the productiveness of labour increases, the more can the working day be shortened and the more the working day is shortened , the more can the productiveness of labour increase.VARIOUS FORMULAE FOR THE RATE OF SURPLUS VALUE The rate of surplus value in production is defined by Marx as the bulk of surplus value produced by the workforce divided by the variable capital expended to produce a exorbitance value S = Surplus value = Surplus labour Variable capital V Value of labour power Necessary labour b. Surplus labour =Surplus value =Surplus product Working day Value of the Product Total ProductHere, the intensity and productiveness of labour embodied in a working day depicts the degree of exploitation of labour. The formula for the mass of surplus value (S) is = Sx V, where S is the rate of surplus value and V is the variable capital advanced for the remuneration of all the workers. Evidently, the mass of surplus can be increased both by increasing the ra te of the exploitation of labour power and by increasing the number of wage workers. Conclusion

Unemployment – Case Study

Therefore we consider theories of selling, by analyse the decision-making process of buyers.Problem In the case study 1. How will Jan maintain vertical rapport and close the deal of the bargain for. 2. Jan inexperienced customers and unsure of his ability to relieve the product in the new surroundings to a more practiced audience. 3. He is also disturbed about demonstrating the product to the view provide since one of the advantage which will become apparent at every such presentation is the potential lag savings of the equipment. 4.Jan is dejected and He thinks where did he go wrong and what will he do today? Ian Browsing is a gross revenue representative and has the ability in selling permit products to customers need, answering any questions is his capability to communicate. With his being well-behaved communicator, he allure and get good harmonised relationship and close to deal of acquire. Jan take to assure that before he rationalize to the new surrounding s he must be k straightwayledgeable and he learned what his being rationalise so he need to study first before he proceed to explanation.Jan dejected as it means Jan cant continuously become demonstrating the products because still purchasing anger can do what he will do. Jan broken so that he need to talk the supervisor who promoted him as purport business division to also get information about the association premises. The purchasing accostor is upset because he has not been consulted about the proposed purchase so Jan has been dejected. He Is also worried about equipment Jan Browsers Is a salesperson promoted to direct division In a computer beau monde.HIS ability to demand rapport with prospects and reading them well, leaders to purchase is the contribution of his success. When he started on the job(p) in the local firms he contacts a chemical-producing company with co employees, 1 2 of those is in social function and administrative positions. He Is asked before his visits for the expression of the sullenest as well as posting relevant details to the companys office conductor. He is worried because he is inexperienced when deals in retail, but a great deal of his 1 OFF by the office manager. He telephoned Jan saying he is determined to block the purchase on pentacle. VI.RECOMMENDATION For Jan Browsers as a sales person and for purchasing manager they need to have DOD harmonised relationship in order to benefit their company. Jan has to appear to the purchasing manager and convince him and he must use his ability in communication the purchase manager. For purchasing manager he might be hold off and try Jan too new direct division if it is effective so that he knows first the capability and knowledge of Jan. Purchasing was believed to be a problem solving behavior undertaken by a rational single(a) whose goal was to maximize satisfaction by choosing ideal combination from aim affordable commodities.Unemployment &8211 Case StudyTherefore we consider theories of selling, by perusal the decision-making process of buyers.Problem In the case study 1. How will Jan maintain good rapport and close the deal of the purchase. 2. Jan inexperienced customers and unsure of his ability to excuse the product in the new surroundings to a more skilful audience. 3. He is also worried about demonstrating the product to the office staff since one of the advantage which will become apparent at any such demonstration is the potential staff savings of the equipment. 4.Jan is dejected and He thinks where did he go wrong and what will he do now? Ian Browsing is a salesperson and has the ability in selling impound products to customers need, answering any questions is his capability to communicate. With his being good communicator, he convince and get good harmonious relationship and close to deal of purchase. Jan necessitate to assure that before he explain to the new surroundings he must be knowledgeable and he learned what his being exp lain so he need to study first before he proceed to explanation.Jan dejected as it means Jan cant continuously become demonstrating the products because still purchasing anger can do what he will do. Jan worried so that he need to talk the supervisor who promoted him as direct business division to also get information about the company premises. The purchasing manager is upset because he has not been consulted about the proposed purchase so Jan has been dejected. He Is also worried about equipment Jan Browsers Is a salesperson promoted to direct division In a computer company.HIS ability to arrogate rapport with prospects and reading them well, leaders to purchase is the contribution of his success. When he started working in the local firms he contacts a chemical-producing company with co employees, 1 2 of those is in office and administrative positions. He Is asked before his visits for the demonstration of the sullenest as well as posting relevant details to the companys offic e manager. He is worried because he is inexperienced when deals in retail, but frequently of his 1 OFF by the office manager. He telephoned Jan saying he is determined to block the purchase on pentacle. VI.RECOMMENDATION For Jan Browsers as a sales person and for purchasing manager they need to have DOD harmonious relationship in order to benefit their company. Jan has to appear to the purchasing manager and convince him and he must use his ability in communication the purchase manager. For purchasing manager he might be flavour and try Jan too new direct division if it is effective so that he knows first the capability and knowledge of Jan. Purchasing was believed to be a problem solving behavior undertaken by a rational private whose goal was to maximize satisfaction by choosing ideal combination from move affordable commodities.

Ethics. Cultural relativism and Divine command theory Essay

EthicsIntroduction       Societies engage divers(prenominal) beliefs that are considered as the radical of their existence. They are the well- foundationeds that g everywheren the behaviour patterns and as far as the community is concerned, they also serve as the fundaments of what is right and what is wrong. In philosophy, there are certain theories that have been formulated to describe extensively on the ethical fairnesss that the community upholds. They justify clean-livingity and immorality. The theories include relativism, utilitarianism, nobleman restraint guess, deontology and rightfulness speculation. This writing result focus on the volt ethic theories by describing them and major solely on one theory that supersedes the others and justifying the reasons why it is commonly considered.Relativism       Cultural relativism is the descriptive view that different groups of hatful or cultures, have different ways of evaluating what is right and what is wrong. In different cultures, even when we would anticipate to agree on some issues of morality, diversity is manifest (Ruth, 2010). Ethical relativism, an serve is right or wrong depending on the moral norms that are pr serveised in a society. Cultural relativism describes the way multitude actually behave, piece of music ethical relativism describes the fact that a society learns from the preceding(prenominal) generation, how to behave, think and feel. A well -known evidence of cultural relativism is the way stack behave around the world. For instance, eating beef is moral in the States while it is immoral in India, or killing new born(p) females is moral in China and India whereas it is immoral in USA. Ethical relativism beseechs that the morals of a society evolve with time and change to fit circumstances. This paper will focus on the five ethic theories by describing them and major solely on one theory that supersedes the others and justifying the reasons why it is commonly considered.       Utilitarianism states that an action at law being vestally right or wrong is dependant only on its consequences. An action is right if the proceeds is outflank and wrong if the outcome is faulty. In this theory, an action is right if it promotes the happiness of the performer of the action and everyone abnormal by it (Boylan, 2009). An action is wrong if it brings the reverse of happiness, that is, pain and sadness. This theory makes it apparent for the right thing to be done from a bad motive. The utilitarianism theory is often associated with John Stuart Mill, a philosopher who stated that actions are right to the horizontal surface that they tend to promote the greatest secure for the greatest number.Divine command theory       Divine command theory views that moral obligation consists in obedience to Gods commands. An act is moral if God commands us to do it and it is immoral if God prohibit s us from doing it (Brown, 2001). Therefore to say that it is good to tell the truth is semantically equivalent to formulation that God commands us to tell the truth. Similarly, to say that it is evil to steal is the same as saying that God prohibits us from stealing. The divine command theory is however wildly improbable for reasons demonstrated by the Euthyphic dilemma. As it states, is an action morally good beca give God commands it or does God command it because it is morally good? By saying that God commands an action because it morally good, threatens the independence of God. It means that the ingenuous ground of morality is outside of God, and He is indebted to adhere to his standard, and then He is not sovereign.The characteristic Christian rejoinder to the Euthyphro Dilemma is to ground goodness in Gods temperament. Therefore, it is Gods nature to do good and He never acts divergent to His nature and also, the ground of morality is not some peripheral ordinary to which God essential observe.       Deontological ethics stick out also be referred to as duty-based ethics. It arbitrates morality by scrutinising the nature of actions and the agents will alternatively of the goals achieved. For deontology, whether a situation is right or wrong depends on the action that resulted in the situation for example, a deontologist would argue that it is wrong to lie to a murderer about the location of a victim. As long as we are following our duties, we are behaving morally and vice versa. In assemble to make the correct moral choices, we mustiness understand what our moral duties are and what correct rules exist to regulate those duties. Deontological theories have been named as formalist due to their central principle lying in the unanimity of an action to some rule or law.       The first philosopher to define deontological principles was Immanuel Rant, who held that goose egg is good deprived of experiences with the exc eption of a good will, which is one that wills to act in concurrence with the moral law and out of respect for that law, earlier than out of natural dispositions. The important thing is whether the soulfulness is expressing good moral virtues or not. The issues whether the intention is right, the correct rule is being followed or whether the consequences of the action are good, are not relevant. A virtue atheist is likely to advise you to act in the same way as a virtuous someone in the given situation. The character of a person is the outcome of his or her character traits which can either be good, bad or somewhere in the middle. Virtues are the admirable character traits while the opposites of virtues.       Ethical relativism indorses right and wrong rooted in an individuals culture and not an individuals beliefs whereas virtue ethics acquaints a persons character as indication of inherent goodness, quite than gauging the results of actions executed by that pe rson. It supports the theory that a bad person can have good actions. The motives of an action regulates the value or goodness of that person in spite of the outcome of the actionEthical relativism discards absolute moral values because of a lack of proof. Peoples behaviour finds provision from where and how they live, unlike the virtue theory where peoples behaviour finds provision from their character traits and goodness.       harmonize to utilitarian theory, the one thing that brands an act morally right or wrong is whether or not the consequences are beneficial. On the other hand, virtue ethics is of the impression that a morally right act in some state calls for a moral choice is what a virtuous person would do in that state. For example, if a person is sick and goes to the infirmary for treatment, the doctor is morally right to kill the patient and give his organs to other patients who need them to survive. This, is in accordance to utilitarian theory. However , this is wrong because it is taking away someones right to live for the motive of devising other people happy.       Even though deontology and utilitarianism are categorised as ethics of conduct, they differ in their ethical theory. Deontology indorses an action based on a moral law or code, while for utilitarianism an action that gives the best consequences or happiness to the action is right. Virtue ethics is categorised as ethics of character and it is focused on how people should be instead of the actions people should perform (Moore, 2009). Virtue ethics should be the ethical need in a persons life. He or she should use levelheadedness abilities to regulate their duties based on virtues and also the universal rules and schemes that guarantee umpire and fairness for everyone. Listening to ones intuition in order to determine the greatest good as well as the virtues that will best serve the society is the best way to ensure this umpire and fairness. A human being should not have right over another persons life because everyone is equal.ReferencesRuth Benedict, Martin T.K 2010.. Patterns of Cultures. The Eagle publishersBoylan, M. (2009). underlying Ethics (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson.Brown, C. (2001). Ethical Theories Compared. Delaine publishersMoore, B. N., & Parker, R. (2009). minute Thinking (9th ed.). Boston, MA McGraw-Hill.Source document

Project Management Essay

First, develop swan survival of the fittest criteria and a high level physical process for mounting the criteria and managing the portfolio. The criteria should be consistent with the trading purlieu for the industry, consistent with your comp anys oerall perpetration/strategies, and consistent with the mission and strategies of your strategic business unit. You ar proposing a process, non individual roves. The deliverable for subroutine 1 is a written final cause for the bemuse woof criteria and a high level exposition of a proposed portfolio management process.You whitethorn as well be expected to make an informal presentation of the writing in class. The proposal should be in the form of a entry to your Vice chair (your instructor) outlining your proposal. The memorandarandum should be no more than 10 pages, including any figures and tables. It should be double-spaced, 10 or 12 item compositors case with one-inch margins. This is a summary for an executive, so be concise, to the point, and leave out the fluff. If you acquiret need 10 pages to document your proposal fully, I am sure that your Vice President go out be happy with little as long as it is complete.Using impound grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence building go away be part of your grade. The actual proposal should include the chase 1. A description of the proposed portfolio process. You are explaining it to the executives. 2. The reasons it was trained (tie to strategies as appropriate. ) 3. A description of the proposed plectron criteria. How will the process be applied in your SBU? 4. The method for applying the selection criteria, and the justification for both. How are you going to score the parturiencys and evaluate the scores?This is non a complete project proposal or even a complete status report. You are making a specific proposal to management of a shake off Portfolio Evaluation and Selection Process. wholly reports and memos to executives should include an executive summary at the fetchning. This one is no exception. The tidings of the organization should be limited to how the SBU organization supports projects and the PPM process. It is not necessary to dissertate the total society. Pay attention to the specifics requested in the deliverables. Do non make your memo a list of questions and answers.That is not the way a business memo is written. It is easy to select a process that is presented in a reference but you must propose one that actionings for your SBU. When you think you are finished put yourself in the role of mortal who was not working on the solution and read your presentation. You can tire you know the basics of PPM. Does your presentation provide a good description of the process and how it will be applied? Are there diaphanous questions that it raises that are not answered? This is not a classroom assignment, it is a business memo.Also it is not a research report and you are not trying to demonstra te your academic expertise and how well you are read. Part 2 In Part 1 of the project, the new Vice President (your instructor) of your Strategic Business Unit had asked you to create a portfolio management process and project selection criteria for use by the SBU. It is now cadence to apply this process in selecting this years projects for your portfolio. In the annual calculate cycle, your SBU was allocated $24 cardinal dollars of funding uniformly dole out over the succeeding(prenominal) year for your portfolio.This means you stick out $6 one million million dollars to sp blockade any given quarter. You may select any of the below projects to be include in your portfolio, but you cannot spend more than the allotted dollars allocated to your SBU. Your task is to select those projects, using your selection criteria, that most benefit the overall follow without stupendous you quarterly budget of $6 million dollars. You must also jell out a plan for what quarter your selec ted projects will start in. infra are your possible projects purge Call Center shortly you have no title center to cover up customer complaints or strike orders.Customers must use the internet to fill out an online form to address their complaints or service needs. These forms are processed by employees in your department. Currently the turnaround time on any given form is amongst four to ogdoad hours. This creates a number of other customer complaints. leap out Call Center is designed to reduce this turnaround time by 75% by creating and staffing a call center in Tampa. create acquisition, building renovations, building fit out, IT system upgrades, and hiring and training of staff are estimated to follow $8. 5 million dollars.This $8.5 million dollars can be compensable evenly in any two quarters in the next year. In addition, seven new employees will need to be employ at $40,000 burdened labor costs per year to staff the call center. Management of this project could e asily be done with the current in-house staff. almost of the work of this project would be outsourced and will have minimal wallop on day-to- trading operations. Project Ordering Upgrade Currently ordering process is done online. The software and hardware used in this system are about ten age old. As such, order processing is a long, arduous process for the fifteen individual staff.Upgrading this process to a farming of the art system would cost approximately $2. 5 million dollars, and it is a onetime pay in full internal charge to your SBU. It would also result in a reduction in the fifteen person staff by 7 individuals and reduce order processing time by 50%. Each individual in this department is nonrecreational $35,000 burdened labor costs a year. Most of the work of this project could be done internally with existing staff. One weekend of operations will be shamed by the project in its entirety. Project Rocky The Alaskan sheet ship industry is booming. For some reason, s pate like to look at icebergs.Unfortunately, our company is servicing no cruise ships in Alaska. Project Rocky is to expand into the Alaskan market. This project will require the acquisition of place in Alaska, renovation of that property, and staffing of the facility. This project is seen as a major money maker for the company and has a NPV of $19 million dollars over five age. Its costs would be $13 million dollars to initially set up the project and $400,000 a year to guide the facility. This initial cost can be spread evenly over each of four quarters of the entire year. These initial costs should be recovered within the first two or three years of operation.Most of the work of this project would be outsourced and management of the project would credibly be difficult. Project Europa The Mediterranean cruise ship industry is booming. Unfortunately, our company is servicing no cruise ships in the entire European area. Project Europa is to expand into the Mediterranean market. This project will require the acquisition of property in Italy, renovation of that property, and staffing of the facility. The current governmental overspending and austerity issues may impact this project. However, this project is seen as a major money maker for the company and has a NPV of $15 million dollars over seven years.Its costs would be $11 million dollars to initially set up the project and $500,000 a year to operate the facility. This initial cost can be spread evenly over each of the four quarters of the entire year. These initial costs should be recovered within the first three years of operation. Most of the work of this project would be outsourced and management of the project would be extremely difficult. Project Robot Our key distribution center is in St. Petersburg, Florida. It has a staff of 100 individuals to process the linens for the Florida cruise industry. Automation would spare us to reduce staff by 35 individuals.The average burdened labor costs of each of these individuals is $45,000 dollars a year. The cost of such mechanisation would be in the neighborhood of $17 million dollars. This initial cost can be spread evenly over the entire year. This project would also apt(predicate) disrupt the facility for about 3 months era the work is being done. Upon completion, the newly remodeled facility will be 1/3 smaller allowing our need for warehousing space to be lessen by 1/3. This would allow us to sublet this space for an estimated $2 million dollars a year in revenue. Most of the work of this project would be outsourced.Project Tableware In order to become the provider of woof for the cruise industry, our company needs to expand to more than just linens. A suggestion was made to expand into supplying tableware to the cruise industry, as more than tableware is lost every cruise to breakage. Currently this need is supplied by a number of smaller companies that we could easily compete with. This project would involve creating a Jus t In Time process to receive and supply the cruise ships. It would also involve the need for a minimal warehouse facility. This project is likely to cost $5.5 million dollars and have a NPV of $1 million dollars over five years.All initial costs can be spread over any two quarters of the upcoming year. It would likely take four years to recover the initial costs of this project. It would however cost approximately $300,000 dollars a year to operate this facility. All of the work of this project would be outsourced. Your Assignment Your task is to use your portfolio process to specialise which of the above projects best fit into your portfolio and create a time ground plan by quarters as to when each project selected should begin and be paid for.Once this is accomplished, you need to write an internal memo to your Vice President denoting the projects selected, the time based plan in quarters, and wherefore you chose as you did. The document should be double-spaced, 10 or 12 point font with one inch margins. This is a Recommendation Memo for an executive, so be concise and to the point. If you dont need more than eight pages to document your plan adequately, I am sure that your manager will be happy with it as long as it is complete. The use of appropriate grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure is part of your grade. Submit This Document to the Dropbox by the end of Week 5.

19th Century American Imperialism & 20th Century War Essay

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan couldnt have said it any better, No nation had ever become great without control of foreign signalingets and entry focusing to the natural resources of foreign countries (Kinzer 33). end-to-end the years, the postulates has had an astonishing obsession with the mood of global imperialism. One cant help but solicit the following question what sparked this sudden obsession with global imperialism? Even though there are some(prenominal) different factors that helped spark this sudden croakment, the magnanimousgest virtuoso factor was the industrialization of the worlds major industrialist societies, such as England, joined States, Japan, and Germany.The sudden explosion of industrialization sparked a huge usance of the earths natural resources, and initiated the need for expansion. Throughout the late nineteenth atomic number 6 up until today, the States has approached global imperialism in a reckon of different ways. Methods such as deception, i ntimidation, fear, and violence have all been apply without the American oppression in order to expand this imperialist golf club. America had to start expanding and had to take e actuallywhere wantoner countries.See more Homelessness as a hearty problem EssayAmericans had to look to faraway countries, weak countries, countries that had large markets and rich resources but had not yet fallen infra the sway of any great power (Kinzer 34). This paper testament to begin with focus on the reasoning provided by Kinzers book Overthrow. America has become the imperialistic society it is today because of the rapid 19th speed of light industrialization and the constant American hunger for natural resources, territory, and global domination. Whether they will or no, Americans must now begin to look outward. The growing merchandise of the country demands it (Kinzer 33).During the late 19th century, America enjoyed a successful conquest of hullo, Cuba, Philippines, and Nicaragua. Ha waii, which has forever and a day embraced a history of tradition and culture, was faced with the issue of modernization. Throughout the years, Hawaii had slowly started to fall under white control. Hawaii has always been a huge producer of simoleons, with one problem. The major market for scrape was in the fall in States, but the Hawaiians could not export as a lot as they would like because of the high tariffs imposed on imported sugar in the States.When the reciprocity accordance as signed in the summer of 1876, Americans started installing military and commercial bases in Hawaii. The renewed treaty heretofore was what really displayed that Hawaii was falling under white influence. The renewed treaty gave join States control of Pearl Harbor, an extremely fine natural port. On January 14th 1893, Queen Liliuokalani made a disturbing announcement to her cabinet. She title a new constitution which stated hardly Hawaiian citizens had the rightfulness to vote. This meant th at the Hawaiian population of Americans would no longer be able to vote.This move gave Lorrin Thurston and John Colburn the reason they inevitable to initiate the destroy of the Hawaiian monarchy, which would mark Americas start overthrow of a foreign government. The dismay Thurston quickly wrote a letter to John L. Stevens, requesting military assistance for the overthrow of the queens regime. Soon after, on July 4th 1894, the Republic of Hawaii was proclaimed. During the Spanish colonization of Cuba in 1897, William McKinley was sworn in as death chair of the United States.McKinley did not like the idea of the Spanish in Cuba. and when talking about McKinley, Kinzer states William McKinley believed that a self-governed Cuba would pose an extreme threat to the United States, for they might not do Washingtons bidding (Kinzer 35). later on all, the revolutionary leaders in Cuba were already talking about the neighborly reforms and land redistribution they wanted to initiate. This greatly alarmed many American businessmen, for over $50 million was invested primarily in Cubas agriculture.McKinley had finally had ample and had decided it was time to use military force to end the Spanish regime in Cuba. On April 25th 1898, the Spanish-American struggle had officially begun. after the Spanish surrender, America started to kill Cubas dream of independence. In the 1898 accord of Paris, Spain gave up all rights to Cuba, surrendered Puerto Rico and Guam, and sold Philippines for $20 million to the United States. The Platt Amendment gave the US some economic and military control of Cuba. McKinley initially only wanted to build a naval base at Manila, Philippines.after however, he decided he would embark on a expedition of Christianizing the country. This was unnecessary however, for most Filipinos were already Catholic. On June 2nd 1899, the official Philippine-American War started. The United States would win the war, and dissolute the First Philippine Repub lic. At this point, the United States had obtained, by force, full sovereignty over the Philippines. With Cuba, Hawaii, Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico under its belt, America now had access to a wide array of natural resources and an miscellanea of markets.However, the conquest would not end there. In order for one to empathize the takeover of Nicaragua, one must understand aboriginal America in the late 19th century. The late 19th century proved to be a strong idealistic era for Central America. Ideas of both social and political reforms were sweeping many Central nations, ideas inspired by European philosophers. These ideas were absolutely despised by the American government, for these ideas called for change. These ideas were look up to by Central Americans because they all desired change.Jose Santos Zelaya became president of Nicaragua in 1893. He adopted many revolutionary changes, such as importing the automobile and legalizing civil marriage. He also had a very strong emphasis on twist and expanding the countrys infrastructure. At first Zelaya and America were on entire terms, for there have been talks of building a canal through Nicaragua. Later however, Panama was chosen as the building site, temporarily terminal American interest in Nicaragua.As historian John Ellis wrote To the State Department, Nicaragua was no longer a country that needed to be coddled or cared for in preparation for future usefulness, rather, it was not a country that needed to be watched carefully and kept in line (Kinzer 60). A very strong nationalist, Zelaya was giving some of the American business based in his country trouble, which didnt appeal to the United States secretary of state squeeze Knox. What angered Knox even more was that Zelaya went to European banks to borrow money for his railway system project, not American banks.This showed the Taft administration that Nicaragua was trying not to depend on the States as much as they used to, which of course caus e congressional panic. After much trouble from Knox, Zelaya finally resigned in 1909. After the apprise command of Jose Madriz, Juan Jose Estrada took over the country, and the new conservative government was much admired and supported by the United States. Estradas coming to power attach the conquest of Nicaragua, because of Americas strong influence on Estradas regime.As demonstrated, the United States has always obtained a hostile approach regarding takeovers and conquest. The first overthrow took place in Hawaii where the queen was relieved of her position. Cuba was later obtained from Spain with the help of brute force and intimidation. Philippines and Puerto Rico were also obtained in the alike(p) fashion. Nicaraguas government fell victim to an American sponsored coup, and their government was taken over by the Americans. It seems like there has always been a recurring pattern throughout American history. If you try to stand up to the US government, you will go down.If yo u operate your country in a way that doesnt appeal to the US government, youre going down. If you mediocre excrete to be doing advantageously for your country, theres still a good chance youre still going down. America has always been that big bully that beats on the little kids at school, because they are just too weak to defend themselves. America throughout the 19th century was a product of a heavily industrialized society, a society that must rely on domination of other markets and other countries resources in order to keep expanding and thriving.

“Judgements about dialects are often essentially judgements about the speakers of those dialects

vocabulary is principally considered to per material body two major functions in society. It is knowing to convey breeding to those around us as well as establish and maintain family relationships. However, linguistic scientistically (albeit from mixer sort outs) certain paradigms relating to year, social and pecuniary position be attributed to phrasal idioms a consensus that has been perpetuated in recent times imput sufficient to the diversity of todays society and the integration of many differing speechs and languages in cities and countryside alike. Indeed, a stereotype regarding a dialect usually derives from the positionings held on the characteristics of its verbaliser systems.Although a direct correlativity amid the aforemented stereotypes and linguistic fact has little scientific root expression in reality it has non served to reduce the al well-nigh established dialect preconceived opinion rife in the media, judiciary and education systems. In the early twentieth Century, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis advanced the theory that the derivative of language we use is individual of our social, ethnical and ideological background, and ever since various linguists and sociolinguists check studied dialectal differences and correlativity between dialect and social judgments on that pointin to determine the extent and implications of dominant dialect bias.The sizing of the British Isles often leads masses to discern that the languages preponderating in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland be homogenous and that ane dialect (British English) is the about universal throughout, but even at bottom a nation the size of England there is a great diversity of dialect both regionally and socially. Though these respective dialects can be categorised in fainthearted groups such as north and south they do not adhere to any not bad(p) boundaries or coincide with county/city lines. Instead, dialects argon state to form a dialect con tinuum1 as they merge and alter near another(prenominal) cities or counties (i.e. other dialects) so therefore one cannot define dialectal boundaries as they would be found on social fact, not linguistic. The most ubiquitous dialects within society (Geordie, Cockney, Jock, etc.) often receive the most examination for their variation to typeised English, and it is because of this that the speakers of respective dialects ar stereotyped with traits common to their culture.However, musical composition it is true that some dialects represent certain social and political variants, this is predominantly due to geographical reasons and not because a dialect accurately represents one cohesive body of social genre.Also, the extent of Dialect Continuum means that dialects atomic number 18 often bandied together into broad categories (Geordie, Scot, etc.) meaning that certain dialects are often misinterpreted as others and therefore leads to people being attributed characteristics of a similar dialect. This reiterates the unreasonable social judgments by which dialects are often quantified as its speakers can be attributed to a dialectal collective that, tour phonetically similar, may be wholly unrelated. An active exemplification of this is in one particular get word which showed attitudinal responses were statistically significant between speakers of different dialectal groups in enceinte Britain in spite of the fact that respondents were inaccurate in the identification of the eye socket from which the speakers came.Indeed, the hypothesis that dialect is representative of ones background (which is linked in and of itself to social preconceptions) is accepted by the majority of sociolingustical commentators, the established view being that accents and dialects have come to act as indicators not only of ones relationship to a locality but also of ones social twelvemonth position 3. The perfect consensus of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (formulated in the e arly 20th Century by prominent linguists Edward Sapir and benzoin Whorf) highlighting the striking difference between both languages themselves and their subsequent dialect derivatives, and that the adjoins and ideologies of a community are prominent in its form of speech. Therefore, one could discern that, if dialectal content necessitates the input of social background, judgments of dialects could be affirm as the respective social traits of the speaker are homely in what they say and how it is said.In Britain, people are often able to bring about instant and unconscious judgements about someones class affiliation on the basis of their accent4. Indeed, phonetic divisors assume a primary agency in highlighting ones social background. A 1972 survey under taken by study Opinion Polls in England provides an example of how significant speech differences are associated with social class variety. Subjects, randomly chosen from the British public, were asked which factor (from ca rdinal provided) was most indicative of a persons class. The most popular answer was the look they speak fol take aim-rankinged by where they live. This cause highlights, albeit only to a certain degree, that speech mannerisms (governed originally by ones dialect) are considered to be much indicative of ones social class than education, occupation or income5.This is highlighted primarily through the paradigms of Subjective Inequality, which details the origins of linguistic preconceived opinion in the public domain. Societies throughout the world credit characteristics such as intelligence, friendliness and status according to the traits of respective dialects, though these views are based not on linguistic merit rather its aspiration of the received or standardized variety of the language (the most venerable British dialect utilised by various official establishments such as governing and the BBC). Thus, language is shown to proliferate social stereotypes, as it is one o f the qualities (albeit highly unreliable) by which one is initially judged by those in the public domain.Despite the judgements of dialects categorizing the speaker with various socio-political elements, one should note that, from a purely linguistical standpoint, no regional dialect displays any signs of deficiency in its ability to convey information social predispositions are therefore centred wholly on the idiosyncrasies and eccentricities of for each one respective dialect. This is a consensus supported by the majority of linguistic look for (there is nothing at all inherent in non-standard variety dialects that make them linguistically inferior6). People will invariably draw conclusions upon ones eccentric regarding the characteristics of speech, not on its content. Indeed, due to the lack of linguistic discrepancy between the respective British dialects it is discernable that, aside from social factors, they are helter-skelter stigmatised. However, many maintain that t his linguistic superficiality is perpetuated by the media characters on television set or radio that represent non- like dialects are often alone manifestations of traits commonly associated with their respective culture.Furthermore, some Sociolinguists have propagated the theory that perceived linguistic discrimination (namely those dialects that do not conform to standardised forms of pronunciation and syntax) is a final result of social inequality as language is one of the most key means by which social inequality is perpetuated from generation to generation7.The language and style utilised within a society has an innate relationship with the geography, occupation and ideologies prevalent in the community making dialectal prejudice easier to circulate as the social traits of a speaker are lucid in his diction and style of conversation. This is again based upon the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, maintaining that language (and and then dialect) structure is, to some extent, influe nced by a societys surroundings which in change shape affects the way the community perceives the world around it.In reality, dialect prejudice is apparent in every sector of society, from education to business, highlighted through the matched-guise experiments conducted by Strongman and Woozley in 1969. These experiments served to highlight the extent to which people are quantified on the basis of their dialect and consisted of groups of subjects listening to people reciting a musical passage to assess the perceived traits of prevalent RP English, Yorkshire, Northern and economical dialects. The subjects were then asked to gauge certain attributes regarding each speaker (friendliness, intelligence, success, etc.). The results showed that several of the dialects emerged with stereotypical traits despite the fact that linguistically, none of the speakers had recited the passage any better or worse than the others as each speaker had been the same person adopting a series of diale cts.Table 1 Results from W.P. Robinson Language and Social Behaviour (1972).RP English Intelligent, successful, not friendly.Yorkshire Dialects Perceived as Serious, kind-hearted, not intelligent.Scottish Dialects Friendly, good-natured.Northern Dialects Industrious, reliable, lower class.It is clear from this that society assumes characteristic inferences upon others based primarily on their dialects. In short, speech characteristics of a social stereotype inherit the stereotypes evaluation.Further evidence of this is seen from an experiment conducted in the States to highlight the prejudice between public reception of prominent ethnic and native dialects. A single speaker was recorded and played to listening subjects saying the word hello in three dialects Standard American English (SAE), Chicano English (ChE), and African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Variation in the tenseness of the vowel sound and pitch prominence on the first syllable of hello was passable to elicit a significantly accurate identification of the dialects by listeners. When the stimulus was expanded to acknowledge Hello, Im calling about the apartment you have advertised in the paper, in actual calls to landlords (who were obviously unaware of the experiment), the SAE speaker guise was given an appointment to see housing at roughly the seventy percent level. two the AAVE and ChE guises were given appointments only about thirty percent of the time8.This underlines the universal charge of dialect prejudice, the latter dialects are shown be regarded in certain sectors as less prestigious than the former.There is a great deal of evidence to underline lack of knowledge that institutes these social judgements of dialectal variety. Firstly, the prominent linguist Edward Sapir maintained that dialect and culture are not always intrinsically associated and that many unrelated cultures can share very similar dialectal derivatives of the same language. An active example of this was prev alent in aboriginal America the Athabaskan varieties are clearly unified despite the wide distribution of its people, from the lookup communities of Western Canada to the ritualised Southwest.The illogical stigmatisation of dialects highlighted in the stigma towards the employment of retell negatives in certain dialects (an action that is derided as a sign of low social standing or poor intelligence). Whilst being both wide considered a standard linguistical construction in other languages (e.g. French and Arabic) and prevalent in such classical literary works as Shakespeare and Chaucer, sophisticated English encourages the marginalisation of its usage. Thus, it is evident yet again that perceptions regarding dialects are not founded upon established linguistic principles, the case in point highlighting that syntactic and grammatical constructs are more figurative in a dialects perception. This has in turn lead sociolinguists to conclude that dialects cannot be adversely regard ed on banknote of grammatical inconsistencies, as these features have no intrinsic consequences for our electrical capacity to slip by or restrict the range of meanings we can express9.Furthermore, the illogical parameters by which dialects are linguistically quantified are reiterated in the cultural paradox of American and British English. In England, dialects without a non-prevolic /r/ are given prestige and constitute an inbuilt part of the RP dialect those that do not share this trait are stigmatised and portrayed as belonging to a rural and/or undereducated populace. Conversely, in New York those containing a non-prevolic /r/ are socially marginalized whilst non-prevolic /r/ usage is commonplace in upper class society. In English towns such as Reading and Bristol this pattern is again reversed dowry to reiterate that value judgements regarding dialect are completely random (at least(prenominal) from a linguistic standpoint).As well as this, another example of social per ception strongly influencing the respective status of dialects was conducted in New York by Labov, who examined shop assistant speech patterns in three differing department stores of high, mass medium and low repute. The procedure was then to ask several clerks a interrogative sentence regarding the department (e.g. where are the womans shoes?) with two possible occurrences of non-prevolic /r/, to shew the hypothesis that non-prevolic /r/ usage correlates with social class.Table 2 Results of the Labovs Survey, taken from P. Trudgill (1983).High-ranking storehouse 38% utilize no non-prevolic /r/.Medium-ranking Store 49% used no non-prevolic /r/.Low-ranking Store 83% used no non-prevolic /r/.Thus Labov discerned that, to a certain extent, his hypothesis was verified those dialects that do not snitchly use non-prevolic /r/ are usually of a lower class. Also, this experiment demonstrated the paradigm that dialects are socially affected the fact that this dialectal trait is margin alized is due to its affiliation with lower classes, reinforcing the fact that views on dialect are socially governed10.The communal view of certain dialects is not determined arbitrarily they have as untold to do with personal opinions regarding the dialect as the social and cultural determine of the respective community. Certain dialects are given more prestige and status than others, which leads to some being more favourably evaluated than others (some are considered good or attractive whilst others are regarded as slovenly or bad in comparison). Dialects judgements are again propagated through the media, the frequent usage of RP English in official reports and programs responsible for the high level prestige attributed to those that utilise it. Judgements about dialects are therefore based on social connotations as opposed to any inherent linguistic properties. In short, it is the speaker that is judged, rather than the speech.This consensus is reiterated by Giles and Sassoon1 1, who cite consistent findings of subjects evaluating anonymous speakers with more standardised dialects more favourably for such characteristics as intelligence, success and confidence. In Britain the middle class is associated with not only its widespread theatrical of the standard dialect (RP or Estuary English) but also speaking with in a formal, order style than more common or marginal dialects (Cockney and Indian English respectively).However, whilst many linguists conclude that social judgments are the parameter that separates dialects, the linguist Brown12 proposed the vox populi that perhaps there was a linguistic discrepancy between the standardised and stigmatised dialects in society. Brown contrasted the speech characteristics of upper and lower social class French Canadian speakers of varying dialects reading a pre-set passage and discovered, congenator to the lower class dialects, the upper class subjects were considered as more articulate and had a better range of intonation and diction.From this, one could discern that there is an argument to support the idea that dialects are not wholly based on social judgment and that dialects utilised by the upper classes are generally more articulate and a more accurate representation of standardised diction (widely considered the quintessential form of a language). Nevertheless, there is a great deal that negates the validity of this information firstly, as the subjects were reading watchful material and not speaking freely they could have been judged partly on their reading ability not their dialectal traits. Secondly, it is difficult for subjects to not be affected by their personal views with respect to certain dialects, as neutrality can be hard to maintain in the artificial milieu in which the is experiment was set (which could also be considered an adverse factor in itself).Though some experiments have shown that dialects are, in certain respects, revered on a purely phonetic level, analysis of large amounts of information seemed to group together paired opposites which pointed to competence, personal impartiality, and social attractiveness constructs in the evaluation of speaker voices. A great deal of subsequent research in this field confirmed that these constructs were regularly at work, and, more interestingly, that standardised (or RP English) speakers were most often judged highest on the competence dimension while nonstandard (or regionally and/or ethically distinct speakers) were rated higher for the integrity and attractiveness dimensions13. Irrespective of social background, we can see that dialects can be judged (albeit very rarely) solely upon the speakers representation of a particular dialect.In summary, the views surrounding many of todays modern dialects are primarily based upon out-moded stereotypes of the culture that said dialects represent. Though linguists have proved that language is influenced by predominant factors within a community (surroun dings, ideologies, etc.) it does not justify dialectal prejudice as the information upon which these are founded are often erroneous and generalised. There is a great deal of evidence to suggest that no dialect is linguistically inferior to any other as they all possess the capacity to convey information effectively (if they did not, they would have been discarded or qualified by its community, making their very presence today confirmation enough of their abilities).Limiting the social and occupational possibilities of a certain group of people through dialect prejudice (albeit for many a machiavellian-esque social stigma), simply preserves social asymmetries and propagates tension between differing cultural factions.

Positioning of Absolut Vodka

Absolut Positioning. This report will describe the concept of post, effective term and its relation to part. It will analyse the office of Absolut vodka in its market allocate. In this report the relevant situation criteria will be identified and reserve positioning social functions to support the analysis will be used. In addition, suggestions on how to improve and develop the Absoluts positioning will be wedded as well. In put up to apply the relevant academic surmisal to the positioning of Absolut Vodka instigant the definition and idea of positioning concept necessitate to be identified.Adcock, Halborg and Ross (2001) provide the positioning definition made by Ries and Trout that sound out that it is what happens in the mind of guests. Brassington and Pettitt (2003) write that positioning means thinking rough a crop in the context of the competitive space it occupies in its market, defined in terms of attributes that matter to the target market. It is possible to press out that positioning is the identification of position of certain brand and its total plan among different other brands in the minds of target audience.Positioning includes the evaluation of competitive advantages and brands niche. The main purpose ofpositioningis to achievesustainable prognosis inthe minds ofconsumers close to the brandas the bestone in particular sphere. It is known that all offered services and products are taking their post with main goal to satisfy customers wants and require. Consequently, in cutting with effective positioning goods and services have to promise the benefit the customer will receive, create the expectation, and offer a solution to the customers problem, harmonise to http//www. marketing91. com. hard-hitting positioning needs to be quaint and realistic, it has to be related to current position, should be long term and yet updated and meliorate during the time period. Also, product needs to be in the mind of customers. harmoniz e to Wind (1980), there are six principles for product positioning. Firstly, positioning loafer be based on product one and only feature. Also, positioning whitethorn be related to products benefit that may satisfy consumers wants and needs. Besides, positioning can be based according to usage and/or occasion. Additionally, products can be based on competitors and on product class.Another principle that company can use to position product is to base it on user category. Segmentation In order to cash in ones chips business successfully it is essential to understand the concept of market segmentation. holy person (2003) argues that positioning is easy. trade segmentation is difficult. Positioning problems stem from poor segmentation. Company needs to work only with segment that has been chosen. Absolut Facts (Appendix 1) Speaking about Absolut Vodka, the first question that comes up is Why such unsophisticated subscribe has become so successful and popular? when Russian vodka was the most recognised product, occupying the whole niche in industry, when Absoluts bottleneck was too terse for barman to handle and the whole bottle caused the negative associations with pharmacy jars. The resultant role to the question is an excellent positioning strategies and advertising actions. Position Absolut possess itself as premium vodka that is not just an alcoholic drink, but lifestyle. It is manifestn as a beverage for the sophisticated and upper-end people it is for status buyers who are not well-defined to snob appeal, but open to wit. Absolut targets people under 35, those who are ferociously hip.Absolut has created the conditions, when people are brisk to cave in premium equipment casualty ( price is 15% gamyer than most expensive vodka brands) to relate the bohemian coterie that appreciates the high tone vodka. Due to great positioning and advertising actions the brand itself is now associated with art, music and singers, luxurious clubs that represent t he Absolut diction. erstwhile marketers identify the position they would like to occupy in the market, they design a unique marketing mix that will support that position by reaching that target market and meeting its needs Bovee, Houston, Thill (1995).The combination of promotion, product, price and calculate will assist in the brands positioning in order to distinguish it from competitive companies. marketing mix in case with Absolut Promotion is the business of communicating with customers The Times light speed. In order to promote the brand Absolut releases the limited bottle editions, creative ads etc. harvest-festival One of the famous brands features is bottles abidance that is shown in creative, humorous and trendy manner. Also, there is much attention nonrecreational to Sweden culture, history and background of vodka.Additionally, there is no doubt that company emphasises on quality of Absolut using high technologies, sources and products in order to maintain its sta tus of super premium spirit. Price As it was mentioned, price is very high compared to other vodka manufacturers. However, Absolut is targeting the certain segment of people that are willing and ready to pay much for status drink. Place The Times 100 explains that place is concerned with various methods of transporting and storing goods, and then making them available for the customer. Getting the aright product to the right place at the right time involves the distribution system. According to www. absolut. com there are famous Ice bars in London, Stockholm, Copenhagen and Tokyo under Absolut brand. This fact again supports the idea that Absolut is not a drink but lifestyle. Positioning map Once the positioning has been effected for all the relevant attributes, it is useful to be able to visualise the complete(a) picture graphically, by creating a perceptual map of the market as Brassington and Pettitt (2003) explain. Using http//oliver. efri. hr/medmark/dokumenti/absolute_vod ka. pdf and Mintels Vodka UK March 2009 report the positioning map for vodka brands may be structured as followingPlatinum vodka the price is higher than ? 40 for 70cl (Mintel) Super premium vodka is ? 25 or more for 70cl (Mintel) Premium ? 14. 94-? 24. 99 for 70cl (Mintel) Own-label ? 4. 82-? 21. 83 according to http//www. supermarketownbrandguide. co. uk Mintel provides the diagram (Appendix 2) that shows the UK market share of vodka, 2008. According to that, it is possible to state that Absolut competes with Smirnoff Red which in the UK is the brand leader the sophisticated one the establishment Adcock, Halborg, Ross (2001). Smirnoff is less expensive and yet quality (around ? 1 per bottle) and is famous because of its Russia-ness (however, it is known Smirnoff comes from Connecticut, USA). Suggestions For Absolut it is important to continue its development researching its competitors and beat up with its target market. Company has to be very sensitive to its customers d emand changes and actions of competitors (direct and potential) their profitability, weaknesses and strengths. Absoult needs to understand and know competitors as much as it is possible. Company should not be surprised if it falls to stay ahead as supporter (2003) states. BibliographyAdcock, D, Halborg, A, Ross, C (2001). Marketing principles and practice. 4th ed. Essex Financial Times Management. p172-177. Backer, M (2003). The Marketing Book. 5th ed. Oxford Butterworth Heinemann. p106. Brassington, F, Pettitt, S (2003). Principles of Marketing. Essex Financial Times. p116-197. Courtland, B, Houston, M, Thill, J (1995). Marketing. 2nd ed. NY McGraw-Hill. p202 Kotler, P, G Armstrong, J Saunders and V Wong, 1999, Principles of Marketing, second European edition, (Upper Saddle River Prentice Hall) Wind, Y, 1980, Going to Market new twists for some old tricks, Wharton Magazine, 4Absolut. (2012). Absolut Vodka. Available www. absolut. com. Last accessed sixteenth Apr 2012. Bhasin, H. (2010). Effective positioning. Available http//www. marketing91. com/effective-positioning/. Last accessed fifteenth Apr 2012. Oliver, E. (2010). Absolut Vodka. Available http//oliver. efri. hr/medmark/dokumenti/absolute_vodka. pdf. Last accessed 16th Apr 2012. Supermarket own brand guide. (2012). Spirits. Available http//www. supermarketownbrandguide. co. uk/search. php? SearchString=vodkaSearch. x=69Search. y=18scoreprice=0pricevalue=0. 0table=spirits. The Times 100 Wilson and Wilson Publishing Ltd. (2011). Marketing mix. Available http//businesscasestudies. co. uk/business-theory/marketing/marketing-mix-price-place-promotion-product. htmlixzz1s6QeVriC. Last accessed 15th Apr 2012. Mintel Vodka, UK, March (2009). Vodka can fashion last forever. Online Available at http//academic. mintel. com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show/display/id=393884 Accessed April 2012. White Spirits and RTDs, UK, March (2011). Competitive Context. Online. Available at http//academic. mintel. om/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show/display/id=545336/display/id=569847 Accessed April 2012. Appendices 1. ABSOLUT VODKA, introduced in the US in 1979, is the twenty-five percent largest international premium spirit in the world and is available in more than 150 markets. ABSOLUT VODKA is the number two brand of premium vodka worldwide. (Source tint International) Since its launch in 1979, ABSOLUT VODKA has achieved significant worldwide sales growth, from 10,000 nine-liter cases (90,000 liters) to 11. 0 jillion nine-liter cases in 2010 (99. 0 millions of liters). either bottle of ABSOLUTVODKA is produced in Ahus, in southern Sweden. ABSOLUT VODKA is produced from winter wheat, a hardy wheat grain that gives ABSOLUT VODKA its smooth grain character. Every year approximately 80,000 tons are used to produce ABSOLUT VODKA. oer one kilo (two pounds) of grain is used for every one-liter bottle. ABSOLUT VODKA uses a unique process called continuous distillation, introduced i n the nineteenth century by The Vodka fairy, Lars Olsson Smith. ABSOLUT VODKA is distilled hundreds of times until all impurities have been removed 2.