Body modification Essay Example for Free

Body modification EssayNowadays, students squander more(prenominal) opportunities to choose what sport they want to play. One of them, for example, is Ultimate Frisbee. It is a rising sport hither in the Philippines. It is played with a disc with 7 players per team, 4 boys and 3 girls or 5 boys and 2 girls moreover the 4/3 ratio is more applied in almost all leagues and tournaments. Basically, the closing of this game is to score in an end zone and played with a 50-min. beat cap or in the finals undecomposed a 15-pt. point cap. There contract been countless leagues and tournaments for students. One kind of tournament is the NUCC or the National Ultimate Collegiate Championship.It is tournament exclusively for students and alumni of contrastive schools. I asked some of the student-athletes on how they manage their time on vie and academics. It is pretty hard to manage time with the training document and their academics, as I am one of the student-athletes. Some of the ones that I asked answered that they put their academics first before they go to play or to train and some procrastinate their acads for ultimate Frisbee while some have a specific schedule for training. All of the student-athlete say that they sometime have to sacrifice one for the other only they try to get back what they lost.They say that its time management that you need when you be a Student-Athlete. Every sport has their own sports attire and gear. And Ultimate Frisbee has its own specific attire and gear. Examples of these are dry-fit clothe with the teams name on the front and the players number on the back, dry-fit shorts, and provide or spikes.Injuries are almost a part of playing this sport as sometimes you sightnot prognosticate that you will have a tiny bruise or even yet break your front cruciate ligament or ACL or your mortise joint so some of the players who already injured their ACL or ankle have knee or ankle support when they play, after their recovery, a nd to protect them from the harmful rays of the sun they damp sunblock, hats, and rash guards.Sometimes the disc slips off the hands of the players hence they wear a special baseball glove that is anti-slip. The pictures below are examples of what Ultimate Frisbee players wear. There is also a new up-rising sport in the human of Board Sports here in the Philippines. It is Longboarding or Downhill Longboarding.Basically, a dourboard is tho the bigger brother of the skate because the longboard is bigger, wider, and more stable than the skateboard. The rule of Downhill Longboarding is like any other race-oriented sport, whoever goes through the finish linage wins but the twist is you are in a board with speeds reaching up to 75 km/h depending on what the track is and the fastest known hill here in Metro manilla is in Sierra Madre. There are also different types of competition in Longboarding not just downhill racing, and they are Slide jams, and Push races.Slide jam is a competit ion where you can ground what your hardest and coolest tricks and judges decide who the winner is. Push race is a race where you push or in the players jargon term padyak from the simoleonsing line to the finish line and the distance is very far. The last new push race held here in Metro Manila, the Sector 9s Push put ont Pollute which was a 10-km race. These competitions have various categories and they are Mens A, Mens B, Womens, Amateur, and Open. There is a very special kind of playing longboard and it combines all the three types, it is Freeriding.In Freeriding, you can do taburageous drifts and slides which is on an open road unlike the other three where you are playing on a closed road. And under Freeriding is Freestyles, on this type you can do dances, grab tricks, and manuals or wheelies. Like all other extreme sports, Downhill Longboarding has also natural rubber rules like wear safety gears and leathers. Safety gears are helmet, gloves, knee pads, and elbow pads. In downhill racing, the safety gears are just helmet, gloves and leathers. And in the other two, its helmet, gloves, knee pads and/or elbow pads. Here are the photo examples of LongboardingThe Hipster Carmela Llorca An Article on Hipsterism on psychologytoday. com The Sad Science of Hipsterism The Psychology of Indie Bands, PBR and Weird Facial Hair Published on September 8, 2010 by Jeff Wise in Extreme Fear Behold the hipster, the stylishly disaffected mother of twentysomethings whose fog of twee whimsy envelops Williamsburg and the East Village. Most who encounter the hipster in its natural home ground respond in one of two ways derision or ridicule. But science does not cast judgment. Its goal is to explore and explain dispassionately, whether the object of study be the noble eagle or the lowly nematode.So what does science have to tell us intimately this fascinatingly misundersas welld breed, the autochthonous North American hipster? Surprisingly much. In a paper in an upcomin g prune of the diary of Consumer Research entitled De legendologizing Consumption Practices How Consumers Protect Their Field- Dependent Identity Investments from Devaluing Marketplace Myths, authors Zeynep Arsel and Craig J. Thompson delve sibylline into the phenomenon of hipsterism, and in particular its most abiding mystery if everyone hates hipsters, why would anyone want to be one? The long and short of it is that they dont.In general, psychologists who study consumers understand that people are largely motivated to spend money not just on things that they materially need, but that bolster their consciousness of identity. They purchase not just goods and services, but mythologies. Imagining themselves as rugged, rebellious patriots, they buy a Harley-Davidson. Imagining themselves as respected and well-heeled, they buy a Lexus. Hipsters, though, play along a different paradigm. Their trouble is that their purchases tend to place them within a category whose mythology the y despise.Thats right zero likes hipsters, not even hipsters. As Arsel and Thompson put it, the beats of the 50s and hippies of the 60s and 70s, both of which had an admirable authenticity about them even if you didnt care for the particulars, eventually gave rise to the millennial hipster, which came to be represented as an uberconsumer of trends and as a new, and rather gullible, target market that consumes cool rather than creating it. As examples of the dorkification they cite online parodies of the iconic Mac v. PC ads and this viral YouTube video.The upshot macrocosm that any people who legitimately enjoy all the trappings on hipsterhood the authors mention Pabst Blue Ribbon, Puma, and the trucker hat must psychologically distance themselves from the demographic group of which they are so clearly a part. And so their subconscious brains have to work double time so that they can convince themselves that the things they buy do not reflect on their true character. Arsel and Thompson interviewed hipsters and asked them how they multitudet with the problem of being set as such(prenominal).The answer, they found, was to demythologize the hipster experience, that is, to psychologically reclassify their own behavior as being separate from the aggregate activity that the rest of the world lumps together as hipster. They interviewed one consumer, identified as Scarlet, who told them Im not gonna lie, I shop at Urban Outfitters sometimes, only when its on sale of bunk I like doing a lot of the things that are the hipster thing to do, but I do them because I like to do them, not because theyre the cool thing to do.And because I am immersed in the mixer scene where thither are a lot of hipsters, people mistake me for being one of them. The deeper raillery is that those who try to assert their independence from the commodification of identity wind up tapping into another marketplace myth, what the authors call the myth of consumer sovereignty. This is the idea that by assiduously selecting from all the identity markers available for purchase, a person can baste one that authentically reflects their true self independent of the marketplace.Some of the hipsters that Arsel and Thompson talked to are well aware of the futility of this project. Said one, identified as Tom I dont necessarily know every single unearthly obscure band. I dont necessarily want to. But I mean, yeah, who do I hang out with? I hang out with like a bunch of tattooed indie dorks. So, yeah, I guess I am but I wouldnt self-identify, I think. Id listen to stuff thats outside the mainstream or its like I dress weird compared to the majority of the population. I just try not to think about it too much.The minute you start identifying with a subcultureyou kind of lose individuality, surrender part of your identity, and we dont wanna do that. This, then, is the essence of being a hipster. Pretending you arent one. Filipino hipsters today can be found mainly in Cubao E xpo or in The Collective in Makati. Many hipsters hate that they are called hipsters because it would connote them to a certain stereotype. Jobless, irresponsible, beer-drinking, night-dwelling twentysomethings who have vast knowledge of some obscure topic that is not mainstream. The goal is, the more you know of this something that has been never heard of, the higher you are in the hipster ladder. additional points to those who are environmentally aware, more points if you are vegetarian and more points if you only smoke either marijuana or cigarettes. Sarcasm and wit are the main means of discussion and usually topics flow from which was the best circa for cut films to Philosophical take on my coffee choices Nonetheless, this stage of life is a purgatory for those who dont have anything solid they can call a career or just lazy to actually start on and would rather debate on the importance of a job. Dont get me wrong, there are ACTUAL HIPSTERS.Those whose actual being is an admir er of the past eras, have an interest in something mirthful or probably, really an environmentalist who goes around riding bikes. The Professional Theresa Llamas Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Katz, D. Braly, K. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol 28(3), Oct 1933, 280-290. The degree of agreement among the students in assigning characteristics from a list of 84 adjectives to different races seemed too great to be the result solely of the students contacts with members of those races.Individual experience may have entered into a students judgment, but it probably did so to confirm the original stereotype which he had learned. Because human beings from time to time exhibit all kinds of behavior he could find confirmation of his views. By omitting cases which contradict the stereotype, the individual becomes positive(p) from association with a race that its members are just the kind of people he always horizon they were. The manner in which publi c and private attitudes are bound up together was shown in the score of the 10 racial and national groups as determined by the definiteness with which students assigned characteristics to them.The definiteness of the class picture of a race, however, had little relation to the prejudice exhibited against that race. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) COLLEGE STUDENTS WITH TATTOOS AND PIERCINGS MOTIVES, FAMILY EXPERIENCES, PERSONALITY FACTORS, AND PERCEPTION BY OTHERS GORDON B. FORBES Body piercing, which is prevalent in recent adults, has been refered to be associated with features usually related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) such as high-risk behaviours and psychopathological symptoms and might be motivated by a wish to deal with prior traumatic experiences.However, to date, no query has investigated the relationship between this radiation pattern and PTSD symptoms. The present research aims to investigate the possible relationship between soundbox piercing and PTSD symptoms in French-speaking young adults. According to our results, having two or more body piercings was associated with a twofold increased risk for make headway above the cut-off score for PTSD on the PTSD checklist. Our findings suggest that two or more body piercings might serve as an identifiable marker for PTSD symptoms and may have important implications for clinical screening. Copyright 2012 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.Read More http//www. amsciepub. com/doi/abs/10. 2466/pr0. 2001. 89. 3. 774 PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TATTOOED AND NONTATTOOED INDIVIDUALS VIREN SWAMI This study examined differences between tattooed and non-tattooed individuals on a range of personality and individual difference measures. A community sample of 540 individuals from the southern German-speaking area of central Europe completed a survey consisting of measures of the Big Five personality factors, compulsion for Uniqueness, Self-esteem, sensation seeking, Religious a nd Spiritual Beliefs, Attitudes Toward Tattoos, tattoo possession, and demographics.Preliminary analyses showed that 22% of the total sample possessed at least one tattoo. Further analyses showed that, compared with non-tattooed (n = 420) individuals, tattooed participants (n = 120) had significantly higher scores on Extraversion, Experience Seeking, Need for Uniqueness, and held more positive Attitudes Toward Tattoos, although effect sizes of these group differences were generally small- to medium-sized. These results are considered in relation to the contemporary prevalence of tattoos in socioeconomically developed societies.Read More http//www. amsciepub. com/doi/abs/10. 2466/09. 07. 21. PR0. 111. 4. 97-106 Exploring professional stereotypes and learning for inter-professional practice an example from UK passing play level cordial work education. Bell, Linda and Allain, Lucille (2010) Exploring professional stereotypes and learning for inter-professional practice an example fro m UK qualifying level tender work education. Social Work Education, 30 (3). pp. 266-280. ISSN 0261-5479 This paper explores the concept of stereotyping from UK social work students and educators perspectives.It discusses findings from an exploration of inter-professional practice with two cohorts of final year social work students in a UK university. The authors adapted a questionnaire (Barnes et al, 2000 Hean et al, 2006) to school discussion about inter-professional working with BA and MA students participating in a specialist shaver and family social work module. This paper analyses students responses to the questionnaire and explores wider issues relating to professional stereotyping and identity, discussing the usefulness of these concepts for social work education and collaborative practice.Results suggest that student social workers held both positive and negative assumptions about specific occupations / professions (such as medicine), and that these acted as a mirror or t ool for reflecting back their own views of social work identity/ies. We argue that this pedagogic exercise in identifying stereotypical assumptions about others may encourage the building of a positive sense of own professional identity. We further suggest that students should be encouraged to construct a core social work identity that is dynamic and responsive to changing contexts.Body modifications, sexual activity, and religious practices. Rivardo MG, Keelan CM. Source department of Psychology, Saint Vincent College, 300 Fraser Purchase Road, Latrobe, PA 15650, USA. mark. emailprotected edu Relations among body modifications (i. e. , tattoos and piercings), sexual activity, and religious practices and beliefs were examined. In old studies, Koch and colleagues found the type of body modification seemed to interact with sex to predict sexual activity but only weak, negative correlations were found between tattoos and religious beliefs and practices.In a sample of 236 students (M age=20. 1 yr. ) from a small Catholic liberal arts college, numbers of tattoos and sexual partners were correlated statistically significantly. opposite results differed by t sex men with piercings were more likely to have had premarital telling, and women who had had premarital intercourse had more piercings than women who had not. There were no statistically significant correlations among body modifications and religious variables.

How Is Science Combating Food Shortages in Africa Essay Example for Free

How Is acquirement Combating Food Shortages in Africa Es affirmAfrica has been fighting a constant battle against starvation for decades. What with an uncontrollably developing population and harsh dry climate, its no wonder that not only Africa, entirely the creative activity could be in for a big crisis the lack of fodder. With over 7 billion people in this world to feed, one billion in Africa, its a wonder that our planet can support this mass population, and the business office is going to get much worse unless there is a firmness as to how the shortage of food can be fixed. Since the 1970s, scientists give up experimented with transmittedly Modified foods (GM foods). That means that theyve changed the organisms, and the DNA, in high society to enhance whatever aspects of the food or fix any possible faults. So far, GM organisms assume proved to step-up food return, which is a relevant and numberive solution. This solution has indeed raised arguments, creating economical, ethical and societal implications.Genetically modified foods could be the solution to save Africa from the endless starvation and malnourishment. It offers something completely new it is a biotechnical solution that is different to any other option considered to aid those suffering from the lack of food in Africa. GM crops grow faster, produce much more, need less time and less labor. It would be a constant solution. Unlike transferring food crossways the oceans in order to give aid, GM foods would be able to be produced in the countries that actually will need and go for them, instead of relying on other wealthier nations to bring it to them. This would in like manner teach these less developed countries how to manage on their own, and not being supported or assist by the more economically developed countries.Even more positive aspects of this solution are, that these GM crops constitute longer shelf-life, meaning that they do not have to be consumed immediately, but they can be stored for longer. moreover they dont require as some(prenominal) natural resources and materials as normal crops, which is good antecedent Africa itself doesnt offer that many, which is one of the reasons as to why its in the situation that it is in proficient now. This would give an exceptional amount of aid and hope to the people of Africa as it would fix one study issue that has been developing throughout the years, and succor them defeat other fusss that their nations are facing.However, there are perpetually downsides to these new inventions. Firstly, GM foods havent been in the know for long enough to know if they have any side affects that humans should be concerned of. Many people resist the idea of genetical modification because of this uncertainty. The foods and crops could always trigger allergic reactions, which superpower be fatal in nations that offer light medical aid, or any health impacts for humans and even animals. However, the certainty that these problems exist is only an assumption. For as far we know, there might be no bad consequences or effects that GMOs might bring. Another issue is how this will work in the nations of Africa.The leaders of the nations might decide that this is an uncertain and indefinite solution, that might only bring harm to their countries. Or some nations might fear change, even if it could help the starvation issues that theyre struggling with. The only thing that the developed nations could do in this case, would be to drive and negotiate as to how this solution can help them, not only temporarily but in the long run as well. Also, it will be a very cheap solution, which will be a major attraction to many nation as their economical situations arent that great. Furthermore, the yearly comprise of individuals having to purchase the genetically modified seeds will be an issue, as the continent is generally very poor.The effect of growing and consuming genetically modified crops is sti ll unknown, however many possible and realistic assumptions have been made. A possible dilemma is the harm that these organisms could cause to other organisms in the nature. For an example, the mortality rate of monarch butterfly butterfly caterpillars has gone up recently, due to the wind blowing pollen from genetically modified B.t corn to milkweed plants, that the caterpillars consume. A nature study was held in order to go up out whether this was true or not, and the results were in accompaniment pointing towards the pollen being the cause of death.There are also countless other victims of genetic engineering, however they cannot be prevented as the toxins that kill the pests are also harmful to other insects. Unfortunately, in order to grow tidy crops without a monetary loss, the use of these B.t toxins is essential. Another issue that could arise from this is cross-breeding of these herbicide tolerant crops and the weeds themselves, resulting in a superweed that would be immune to these toxins. That could cause in mass destruction of crops and a great financial loss to the farmers, as well as an unnatural new specie.An issue that could arise within the use of GM crops is the strain on the economies of the nations using them. It would be quite expensive to transport the GM foods across the globe, and it would also take some time. Also, the cost of these seeds can be expected to rise due to the engineering science used to create them. A more developed country and farm could possibly afford the annual cost of these crops, however a less economically developed country cannot. A solution for this problem could be funding the production and interrogation of GM foods. An example of such a funder is the Rockefeller Foundation, who has founded the research and production of genetically modified rice. GM rice would be a very costly process but with the help of funders and other wealthy companies the cost of expense can be reduced.Since the population of alr eady 7 billion is estimated to almost double in the upcoming 50 years, the worlds biggest dilemma at the moment is to find a solution as to how to feed all these people and how our natural resources wont be all used up. GM crops is one of the many solutions thought to solve this problem, however, like the rest of them, it comes with many different positive and negative aspects. Furthermore, since it is such a new invention, and not a lot of research has been done yet, the effects and consequences are unknown.If the massive population growth could be stalled for a few decades, say by introducing a one-child-policy, then the development of solutions such as GM crops could be completed meanwhile. This would be a really effective way to provide food aid to the peoples of the world, especially Africa, in order to defeat hunger and starvation, and it would also slow down the growth of the population, maybe even declining it.

Qualitative research Essay Example for Free

Qualitative enquiry EssayAbstract This paper is the first of a series of lead articles relating to a strip claim conducted at Fair line of business University to assess aspects of the rapid introduction of Information engineering science at the institution. This article deals with the nature of the problem submitd by Fairfield University, the marks of the cutting methodological digest, and lays the foundation for the selection of this investigate proficiency for the current rent. The paper takes with an Introduction section to familiarize the reader with the grapheme organization. The following section on Case Methodology explores the tale, and some of the applications of the technique. The section ends with specific research protocols for tecs. Introduction Fairfield University is a private crowing arts institution of around 3,000 full time downstairsgrad students and about 1,000 graduate school students. The undergraduate students be distri merelyed throug h the College of Arts and Sciences, the give instruction of Business, and the School of Nursing. The graduate students are in the Graduate School of Education, the School of Business, and the School of Nursing. at that place are besides part time students in the School of continue Education and the BEI School of Engineering. As with many opposite private institutions of higher education, Fairfield University faces many ch completelyenges. These challenges come from the declining nation of college age students and the growing cost of running the institution. The lit willing support the preceding statement (Crossland, 1980), unless provide little comfort to the institution. One of the electron orbits of greatest concern to college managers is the continuing cost of psychoanalyse applied science.With the ceaseless need to increase staff salaries, it is like salaries, inadvisable to reduce the outlay on schooling technology. Inter take ins that were conducted by this resear cher with the deans and managers indicated that some of the peer institutions of Fairfield University are in fact doing as much if not to a greater extent in this area. and so any interruption in the effort to maintain technological currency would solution in a competitive disadvantage for the institution. Therein lies the administrative financial challenge.The expense on information technology essentialiness be maintained at a time of declining revenues (Nicklin, 1992). The field of information technology at a university is really broad and could encompass many technologies hitherto not considered within its purview. However, in that respect has been a relentless and indeed accelerating pace of convergence of the technologies in telecommunications, library services, and video services. The current try out is concerned only with the aspects of information technology as it relates to academic compute and will focus on instructional and research computing.The goals of this m editate complicate an examination of the (a) managerial and (b) economic aspects of the rapid encyclopaedism of information technology. The objectives deriving from those goals are An assessment of the categories of computer map in higher education. An evaluation of the managerial issues of computing, including the centralization/decentralization of computing, client/server computing and the aspects of the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) Establish a basis for understanding the current and future economic aspects of information technology acquisition.The research questions arising from the above objectives were as follows Objective 1 above is addressed by the question What figure of speechs of acquisition emerge from the current computing environment and the perceived needs for computing? Objective 2 is addressed by the question What characteristics of the categories of computing use contribute to the patterns of acquisition? The five categories actual by King and Kraem er (1985) and adapted for use by Levy (1988) in his baptismal font at the University of Arizona, are use in this theatre of operations, to examine the computing use at Fairfield University.Objective 3 is addressed by the question What managerial issues arise from the rapid acquisition of information technology and how all- all important(p)(prenominal) consent those technologies become to the organization? Objective 4 is addressed by the question How will the institution balance the need for technological changes with the need to continue the accomplishment of office tasks?. Samuel Levy (1988) conducted a playing area of instructional and research computing at the University of Arizona. This study replicates and extends the Levy (1988) study, and was conducted at Fairfield University.The current study extends the Levy (1988) study in its examination of aspects of the Internet, the World Wide Web, and Client/ host computing. Levy (1988) granted the use of the grounds study as capture for the research project, and this researcher withal use the literature to confirm the use of boldness methodology in the study at Fairfield University. The history and development of solecism methodology is reviewed, in support of the current effort study at Fairfield University. There adopt been items of intense use followed by periods of disuse of this technique, as documented by Hamel, Dufour, and Fortin (1993) as intumesce as others.The relevance of that history to this study is important in that it establishes the known advantages and disadvantages of the methodology. The particular technique of a single- slip-up study is reviewed, since that is the specific implementation of a matter study at Fairfield University and was also used by Levy (1988). Case Study Methodology The history of chemise study research is marked by periods of intense use and periods of disuse. The earliest use of this form of research can be traced to Europe, predominantly to France.T he methodology in the United States was most closely associated with The University of Chicago Department of Sociology. From the early 1900s until 1935, The Chicago School was superior in the field and the source of a great deal of the literature. There was a wealth of bodily in Chicago, since it was a period of immigration to the United States and various aspects of immigration of different national groups to the urban center were studied and reported on (Hamel et al. , 1993). Issues of poverty, unemployment, and other conditions deriving from immigration were ideally suited to the object lesson study methodology.Zonabend (1992) stated that discipline study is d star by giving special attention to completeness in observation, reconstruction, and synopsis of the cases under study. Case study is done in a way that incorporates the views of the actors in the case under study. The field of sociology is associated most strongly with case study research, and during the period leadi ng up to 1935, several problems were raised(a) by researchers in other fields. This coincided with a movement within sociology, to make it more than scientific. This meant providing some valued measurements to the research design and analysis.Since The Chicago School was most identified with this methodology, there were serious attacks on their primacy. This resulted in the denigration of case study as a methodology. In 1935, there was a public strife between Columbia University professors, who were championing the scientific method, and The Chicago School and its supporters. The outcome was a victory for Columbia University and the sequent decline in the use of case study as a research methodology. Hamel (Hamel et al. , 1993) was careful to decline the criticisms of case study as poorly founded, made in the midst of methodological conflict.He insist that the drawbacks of case study were not organism attacked, sooner the immaturity of sociology as a discipline was organism d isplayed. As the use of quantitative methods advanced, the decline of the case study hastened. However, in the 1960s, researchers were becoming concerned about the limitations of quantitative methods. Hence there was a renewed interest in case study. Strauss and Glaser (1967) developed the purpose of grounded supposition. This along with some well regarded studies accelerated the renewed use of the methodology.A frequent criticism of case study methodology is that its dependence on a single case renders it incapable of providing a generalizing conclusion. Yin (1993) presented Giddens view that considered case methodology microscopic because it lacked a sufficient number of cases. Hamel (Hamel et al. , 1993) and Yin (1984, 1989a, 1989b, 1993, 1994) forcefully argued that the relative size of the figure whether 2, 10, or 100 cases are used, does not transform a multiple case into a visible study. The goal of the study should establish the parameters, and consequently should be applied to all research.In this way, even a single case could be considered acceptable, provided it met the established objective. The literature provides some insight into the acceptance of an experimental proto suit to perceive the singularity of the object of study. This insures the transformation from the local to the global for explanation. Hamel (Hamel et al. , 1993) characterized such singularity as a concentration of the global in the local. Yin (1989a) stated that general applicability results from the delimit of methodological qualities of the case, and the rigor with which the case is constructed.He slender the procedures that would avenge the required methodological rigor. Case study can be seen to satisfy the three tenets of the qualitative method describing, understanding, and explaining. The literature contains numerous examples of applications of the case study methodology. The earliest and most graphic examples are to be found in the fields of Law and Medicine, where cases make up the large embody of the student work. However, there are some areas that know used case study techniques extensively, particularly in government and in evaluative situations.The government studies were carried out to determine whether particular programs were efficient or if the goals of a particular program were being met. The evaluative applications were carried out to assess the effectiveness of educational initiatives. In two types of investigations, merely quantitative techniques tended to obscure some of the important information that the researchers needed to un subdue. The body of literature in case study research is primitive and limited (Yin, 1994), in comparison to that of experimental or quasi-experimental research.The requirements and inflexibility of the latter forms of research make case studies the only viable alternative in some instances. It is a fact that case studies do not need to have a minimum number of cases, or to randomly select cas es. The researcher is called upon to work with the situation that presents itself in separately case. Case studies can be single or multiple-case designs, where a multiple design must follow a replication rather than sampling logic. When no other cases are available for replication, the researcher is limited to single-case designs.Yin (1994) pointed out that generalization of results, from every single or multiple designs, is made to theory and not to populations. Multiple cases strengthen the results by replicating the pattern-matching, thusly increasing confidence in the robustness of the theory. Applications of case study methodology have been carried out in High-Risk Youth Programs (Yin, 1993) by several researchers. The effects of community-based measure programs have been widely investigated victimisation case methodology.Where the high risk youth studies assumed a single case evaluation, these studies have typically used a order of battle of cases as a multiple-case study . This has been true in the various substance abuse prevention programs that are community-based (Holder, 1987 Sabol, 1990 Yin, 1993). Numerous such studies sponsored by the U. S. General Accounting Office are distributed in the literature between Evans (1976) and Gopelrud (1990). These studies have gone beyond the quantitative statistical results and explained the conditions through the perspective of the actors. Thus case study evaluations can cover both process and outcomes, because they can include both quantitative and qualitative selective information. There are several examples of the use of case methodology in the literature. Yin (1993) listed several examples along with the appropriate research design in each case. There were suggestions for a general approach to designing case studies, and also recommendations for exploratory, instructive, and descriptive case studies. Each of those three approaches can be either single or multiple-case studies, where multiple-case studie s are replicatory, not sampled cases.There were also specific examples in education, and management information systems. Education has embraced the case method for instructional use. Some of the applications are reviewed in this paper. In exploratory case studies, fieldwork, and information accrual whitethorn be undertaken prior to definition of the research questions and hypotheses. This type of study has been considered as a preliminary to some social research. However, the framework of the study must be created ahead of time. Pilot projects are very useful in determining the final protocols that will be used.Survey questions whitethorn be dropped or added based on the outcome of the pilot study. Selecting cases is a difficult process, but the literature provides guidance in this area (Yin, 1989a). Stake (1995) recommended that the selection offers the opportunity to maximize what can be learned, knowing that time is limited. Hence the cases that are selected should be easy and willing subjects. A good instrumental case does not have to defend its typicality. Explanatory cases are suitable for doing causative studies. In very complex and multivariate cases, the analysis can make use of pattern-matching techniques.Yin and Moore (1988) conducted a study to examine the reason why some research findings get into practical use. They used a funded research project as the unit of analysis, where the upshot was unceasing but the project varied. The utilization outcomes were explained by three rival theories a knowledge-driven theory, a problem-solving theory, and a social-interaction theory. Knowledge-driven theory means that ideas and discoveries from basic research eventually become commercial products. Problem-solving theory follows the same path, but originates not with a researcher, but with an external source identifying a problem.The social-interaction theory claims that researchers and users belong to overlapping professional networks and are in freque nt communication. Descriptive cases require that the researcher begin with a descriptive theory, or face the possibility that problems will occur during the project. Pyecha (1988) used this methodology to study special education, using a pattern-matching procedure. some(prenominal) states were studied and the data about each states activities were compared to other, with idealized theoretic patterns. Thus what is implied in this type of study is the formation of hypotheses of cause-effect relationships.Hence the descriptive theory must cover the depth and scope of the case under study. The selection of cases and the unit of analysis is developed in the same manner as the other types of case studies. Case studies have been increasingly used in education. While law and medical schools have been using the technique for an extended period, the technique is being applied in a variety of instructional situations. Schools of parentage have been most aggressive in the implementation of case based acquire, or active learning (Boisjoly DeMichiell, 1994).Harvard University has been a leader in this area, and cases developed by the faculty have been published for use by other institutions. The School of Business at Fairfield University has revised the curriculum so that in place of the mortal longitudinal courses in the areas of Management, Marketing, Operations, Finance, and Information Systems, students take one course. That course is knowing around cases that encompass those disciplines, but are presented in an integrated manner. The students are therefore made aware of the interrelatedness of the various disciplines and begin to think in terms of wider problems and solutions.Later courses add the international dimension to the overall picture. Case studies have been used to develop critical thinking (Alvarez, et al. , 1990). There are also interactive language courses (Carney, 1995), courses designed to broaden the students horizons (Brearley, 1990), and even for technical courses (Greenwald, 1991), and philosophical ones (Garvin, 1991). This investigation is a case study of the aspects of Information Technology that are related to client/server computing, the Internet, and the World Wide Web, at Fairfield University.Thus this paper examines issues that will expand the readers knowledge of case study methodology as it relates to the design and execution of such a study. Yin (1994) recommended the use of case-study protocol as part of a carefully designed research project that would include the following sections Overview of the project (project objectives and case study issues) Field procedures (credentials and portal to sites) Questions (specific questions that the tec must keep in mind during data collection) Guide for the report (outline, format for the narrative) (Yin, 1994, p.64)The quintessential characteristic of case studies is that they strive towards a holistic understanding of cultural systems of action (Feagin, Orum, Sjober g, 1990). Cultural systems of action refer to sets of interrelated activities engaged in by the actors in a social situation. The case studies must always have boundaries (Stake, 1995). Case study research is not sampling research, which is a fact asserted by all the major researchers in the field, including Yin, Stake, Feagin and others. However, selecting cases must be done so as to maximize what can be learned, in the period of time available for the study.The unit of analysis is a critical factor in the case study. It is typically a system of action rather than an individual or group of individuals. Case studies tend to be selective, focusing on one or two issues that are fundamental to understanding the system being examined. Case studies are multi-perspectival analyses. This means that the researcher considers not just the voice and perspective of the actors, but also of the pertinent groups of actors and the interaction between them. This one aspect is a salient point in the characteristic that case studies possess. They give a voice to the powerless and voiceless.When sociological studies present many studies of the homeless and powerless, they do so from the viewpoint of the elite (Feagin, Orum, Sjoberg, 1991). Case study is known as a triangulated research strategy. speed of light and Anderson (cited in Feagin, Orum, Sjoberg, 1991) asserted that triangulation can occur with data, investigators, theories, and even methodologies. Stake (1995) stated that the protocols that are used to ensure accuracy and alternative explanations are called triangulation. The need for triangulation arises from the ethical need to confirm the inclemency of the processes.In case studies, this could be done by using multiple sources of data (Yin, 1984). The problem in case studies is to establish meaning rather than location. Designing Case Studies Yin (1994) identified five components of research design that are important for case studies A studys questions Its propo sitions, if any Its unit(s) of analysis The logic linking the data to the propositions The criteria for interpreting the findings (Yin, 1994, p. 20). The studys questions are most apparent to be how and why questions, and their definition is the first task of the researcher.The studys propositions sometimes derive from the how and why questions, and are cooperative in focusing the studys goals. Not all studies need to have propositions. An exploratory study, rather than having propositions, would have a stated purpose or criteria on which the success will be judged. The unit of analysis defines what the case is. This could be groups, organizations or countries, but it is the primary unit of analysis. Linking the data to propositions and the criteria for interpreting the findings are the least developed aspects in case studies (Yin, 1994).Campbell (1975) described pattern-matching as a useful technique for linking data to the propositions. Campbell (1975) asserted that pattern-matc hing is a situation where several pieces of information from the same case may be related to some theory-based proposition. His study showed, through pattern-matching, that the observed drop in the level of traffic fatalities in Connecticut was not related to the lowering of the speed limit. His study also illustrated some of the difficulties in establishing the criteria for interpreting the findings.Construct validity is especially problematic in case study research. It has been a source of criticism because of potential investigator subjectivity. Yin (1994) proposed three remedies to counteract this using multiple sources of evidence, establishing a chain of evidence, and having a draft case study report reviewed by reveal informants. Internal validity is a concern only in causal (explanatory) cases. This is usually a problem of inferences in case studies, and can be dealt with using pattern-matching, which has been described above. foreign validity deals with knowing whether th e results are generalizable beyond the immediate case. Some of the criticism against case studies in this area relate to single-case studies. However, that criticism is directed at the statistical and not the uninflectedal generalization that is the basis of case studies. Reliability is achieved in many ways in a case study. One of the most important methods is the development of the case study protocol. Case studies can be either single or multiple-case designs. single(a) cases are used to confirm or challenge a theory, or to represent a crotchety or extreme case (Yin, 1994).Single-case studies are also ideal for revelatory cases where an observer may have retrieve to a phenomenon that was previously inaccessible. Single-case designs require careful investigation to negate misrepresentation and to maximize the investigators access to the evidence. These studies can be holistic or embedded, the latter occurring when the same case study involves more than one unit of analysis. M ultiple-case studies follow a replication logic. This is not to be confused with sampling logic where a selection is made out of a population, for inclusion in the study.This type of sample selection is unbecoming in a case study. Each individual case study consists of a whole study, in which facts are gathered from various sources and conclusions drawn on those facts. Yin (1994) asserted that a case study investigator must be able to operate as a senior investigator during the course of data collection. There should be a period of training which begins with the examination of the definition of the problem and the development of the case study design. If there is only a single investigator, this might not be necessary.The training would cover aspects that the investigator needs to know, such as the reason for the study, the type of evidence being sought, and what variations might be expected. This could take the form of discussion rather than form-only(prenominal) lectures. A case study protocol contains more than the survey instrument, it should also contain procedures and general rules that should be followed in using the instrument. It is to be created prior to the data collection phase. It is essential in a multiple-case study, and desirable in a single-case study.Yin (1994) presented the protocol as a major component in asserting the reliability of the case study research. A typical protocol should have the following sections An overview of the case study project (objectives, issues, topics being investigated) Field procedures (credentials and access to sites, sources of information) Case study questions (specific questions that the investigator must keep in mind during data collection) A guide for case study report (outline, format for the narrative) (Yin, 1994, p. 64). The overview should communicate to the reader the general topic of inquiry and the purpose of the case study.The field procedures mostly involve data collection issues and must be prope rly designed. The investigator does not meet the data collection environment (Yin, 1994) as in other research strategies hence the procedures become all the more important. During interviews, which by nature are open ended, the subjects schedule must dictate the activity (Stake, 1995). Gaining access to the subject organization, having sufficient resources while in the field, clearly scheduling data collection activities, and providing for unanticipated events, must all be planned for.Case study questions are posed to the investigator, and must serve to remind that person of the data to be accumulate and its possible sources. The guide for the case study report is a lot neglected, but case studies do not have the uniform outline, as do other research reports. It is essential to plan this report as the case develops, to avoid problems at the end. Stake (1995), and Yin (1994) identified at least six sources of evidence in case studies. The following is not an ordered list, but ref lects the research of both Yin (1994) and Stake (1995)Documents Archival records Interviews Direct observation Participant-observation tangible artifacts Documents could be letters, memoranda, agendas, administrative documents, newspaper articles, or any document that is germane to the investigation. In the interest of triangulation of evidence, the documents serve to corroborate the evidence from other sources. Documents are also useful for making inferences about events. Documents can lead to false leads, in the hands of uninitiated researchers, which has been a criticism of case study research.Documents are communications between parties in the study, the researcher being a vicarious observer keeping this in mind will help the investigator avoid being misled by such documents. Archival documents can be service records, organizational records, lists of names, survey data, and other such records. The investigator has to be careful in evaluating the accuracy of the records before using them. Even if the records are quantitative, they might still not be accurate. Interviews are one of the most important sources of case study information.There are several forms of interviews that are possible Open-ended, Focused, and Structured or survey. In an open-ended interview, key respondents are asked to comment about certain events. They may propose solutions or provide insight into events. They may also corroborate evidence obtained from other sources. The researcher must avoid becoming dependent on a single informant, and seek the same data from other sources to verify its authenticity. The focused interview is used in a situation where the respondent is interviewed for a short period of time, usually answering set questions.This technique is often used to confirm data collected from another source. The structured interview is comparable to a survey, and is used to gather data in cases such as neighborhood studies. The questions are detailed and developed in advance , much as they are in a survey. Direct observation occurs when a field visit is conducted during the case study. It could be as simple as casual data collection activities, or formal protocols to measure and record behaviors. This technique is useful for providing additional information about the topic being studied.The reliability is enhanced when more than one observer is involved in the task. Glesne and Peshkin (1992) recommended that researchers should be as unobtrusive as the wallpaper. Participant-observation makes the researcher into an active participant in the events being studied. This often occurs in studies of neighborhoods or groups. The technique provides some unusual opportunities for collecting data, but could face some major problems as well. The researcher could well alter the course of events as part of the group, which may not be helpful to the study.Physical artifacts can be tools, instruments, or some other physical evidence that may be collected during the stu dy as part of a field visit. The perspective of the researcher can be broadened as a result of the discovery. It is important to keep in mind that not all sources are relevant for all case studies (Yin, 1994). The investigator should be capable of dealing with all of them, should it be necessary, but each case will present different opportunities for data collection. There are some conditions that arise when a case researcher must start data collection before the study questions have been be and finalized (Yin, 1994).This is likely to be successful only with an experienced investigator. Another important point to review is the put on of using rival hypotheses and theories as a means of adding character reference control to the case study. This improves the perception of the directness and serious thinking of the researcher. Analyzing Case Study Evidence This aspect of the case study methodology is the least developed and hence the most difficult. As a result, some researchers ha ve suggested that if the study were made contributory to statistical analysis, the process would be easier and more acceptable.This quantitative approach would be appealing to some of the critics of the case study methodology. However not all case studies lend themselves to this type of analysis. Miles and Huberman (1984) suggested analytic techniques such as rearranging the arrays, placing the evidence in a matrix of categories, creating flowcharts or data displays, tabulating the frequency of different events, using means, variances and interbreed tabulations to examine the relationships between variables, and other such techniques to facilitate analysis. There must first be an analytic strategy, that will lead to conclusions.Yin (1994) presented two strategies for general use One is to rely on theoretical propositions of the study, and then to analyze the evidence based on those propositions. The other technique is to develop a case description, which would be a framework for o rganizing the case study. Lynd conducted a widely cited Middletown study in 1929, and used a formal chapter construct to guide the development of the analysis. In other situations, the original objective of the case study may help to identify some causal links that could be analyzed. Pattern-matching is another major mode of analysis.This type of logic compares an empirical pattern with a predicted one. Internal validity is enhanced when the patterns coincide. If the case study is an explanatory one, the patterns may be related to the dependent or commutative variables. If it is a descriptive study, the predicted pattern must be defined prior to data collection. Yin (1994) recommended using rival explanations as pattern-matching when there are independent variables involved. This requires the development of rival theoretical propositions, but the overall concern remains the degree to which a pattern matches the predicted one.Yin (1994) encouraged researchers to make every effort to produce an analysis of the highest quality. In order to accomplish this, he presented four principles that should attract the researchers attention Show that the analysis relied on all the relevant evidence accept all major rival interpretations in the analysis Address the most significant aspect of the case study Use the researchers prior, expert knowledge to further the analysis Stake (1995) recommended categorical aggregation as another means of analysis and also suggested developing protocols for this phase of the case study to enhance the quality of the research.He also presented ideas on pattern-matching along the lines that Yin (1994) presented. Runkel (1990) used aggregated measures to obtain relative frequencies in a multiple-case study. Stake (1995) favored coding the data and identifying the issues more clearly at the analysis stage. Eisner and Peshkin (1990) placed a high priority on direct interpretation of events, and lower on interpretation of measurement data, whic h is another viable alternative to be considered.

Assessment for Teacher Essay Example for Free

sagacity for Teacher EssayThe primary purpose of assessment is for the learner to provide evidence of scholarship by demonstrating the understanding of content and achievement of learning outcomes. This gives an insight of their strengths and areas of developing. Whereas for teacher, it provides a moment to review their assessment strategies in terms of effectiveness and facilitate progression by giving constructive feedback. It also informs the curriculum board, managers, and pertinent staff to evaluate learning programmes for any improvements.Learners are assessed through various stages of learning journey by using variety of methods and strategies. They are usually assessed formatively before or during the course and summatively near or the finish up of it. fictile assessment provides a continuous source of information to the highest degree students progress, improvement and problems encountered in the learning process. It could be an Initial mind to determine prior k nowledge or Diagnostic Assessment to draw areas of development and strengths. Feedback is an integral part of it.(NCFOT, 1999) said it occurs when teachers feed information back to the students in ways that alter the student to learn better, or when students give the gate engage in a similar, self-reflective process(Principle 4). It has also been support by several educationists such as Scales (2008 p. 179), Black and William (1998 17) and Reece and Walker (2007 p. 325). Formative assessments are not place which allows flexibility to modify and adjust the teaching practices and reflect the needs and progress of learners as well as motivating them. However, formative assessment in its purist form is seldom used (Brookhart, 1999).I feel that teachers should be given training to as how and when to employ it successfully. There are variety of methods by which students are assessed formatively such as Accreditation of prior learning (APL), Observation, Oral Questioning, Discussion, Role play, Case study, Essays, Projects, Assignments, MCQs etc. which when used in conclave has proven effective in measuring a variety of complex learning outcomes (Reece and Walker, 2007, p. 326) It is useful for development of Cognitive, Psychomotor and Affective Domains of learning as explained in Blooms Taxonomy and could assess higher(prenominal) order skills of these domains.Some teachers are predominantly concerned with cognitive learning with some use of psychomotor skills but affective learning can be a useful tool in ever-changing attitudes i. e. gender, culture etc. even if its not a requirement of a course. Summative Assessment happens at the end of the course, unit etc. and is for grading and decision purpose. It is used for informing employers, institutions etc. about learners overall performance. It does not however, give information about detailed abilities of learner and thither is no feedback so it is debated for its complete reliability and validity.(Scales, 200 8 and Rust, 2002). Learners are assessed summatively mostly by Examination, Assignments, Portfolios, and Essays. They develop the skill levels of cognitive and psychomotor domains depending on how effectively they are set out and the type of course. MCQs and Viva for instance can provide better coverage of syllabus as well as assessment of deeper knowledge whereas essays does not serve the same purpose but assess higher levels of cognitive domain i. e. synthesis and evaluation. Feedback is an authorized element of assessment and is directly related to motivation.In order to accelerate learning process it has to be timely, exacting and constructive. Maslows hierarchy makes us think about the total experience.. From physiological factors. to relationships (do we give positive regard and development feedback? ) to self-esteem needs (Im no good ), his hierarchy provides a useful device to help us understand learning and motivation(Scales, 2008 p. 72). We need to keep records to track and supervise the progress of our learners. They are many different types of internal, external and formal and informal records.Internal records complicate pick out books, matrix, learner progress sheets/ reviews and results of mock tests. In ESOL, we keep records of Initial interview, Initial assessment, spiky profile, ILPs, Diagnostic assessment, Formative assessment, observation reports, feedback reports, peer/self assessments and Summative assessments to assess the progress of learners and efficacy of programme and teaching. The external records include all the evidence in form of written work or internal verification to send to external bodies i. e. exam board, auditing bodies, other educational organisations, support staff, etc.

The Importance of Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

The grandness of Early Childhood Education EssayPreschool education is a hot topic among parents and early childishness educators today. If you are the parent of a preschooler (or younger child) you need to ask yourself why you should care rough preschool encyclopaedism. There are three key reasons why you should not only concern yourself with your childs preschool education further become actively involved in it as well. First, you must remember that preschool education is the foundation for your childs education.The skills and fellowship (not to mention aptitude and attitude) that your child develops in the preschool old age will have a dramatic pretend on your childs success when formal schooling begins as well as life success. Today we carry children to know more by the period they start kindergarten. While previous generations learned basics wish color identification and the alphabet in school, todays children are expected to possess these basic skills by the time they start kindergarten.Another reason to care about your childs preschool education is that by actively promoting and encouraging your childs preschool learning you will promote his or her self esteem as well. Help your child gain self-confidence by making learning fun and easy at this age and you will help ready your child an eager lifelong learner. Finally, preschool education is important because it can give your child the edge in a competitive world and education climate.While children who do not receive the fundamentals during their preschool years will be taught the alphabet, counting, shapes and colors when they begin their formal education they will be behind the children who already possess that knowledge and skill set. Do you want your child to be at the head of the course of study or lagging behind?

Hp External Analysis Essay Example for Free

Hp international Analysis EssayHewlett Packard External Environment Analysis Hewlett Packard External Environment Analysis In todays constantly evolving line of credit world, it is essential for organizations to fully master and incorpo swan strategic man come a enormousment theory into decision making processes. As the worlds largest technology company, HP brings together a portfolio that spans printing, personal computing, software, services, and IT infrastructure to solve node problems (Hewlett Packard, 2010). HP is well positioned to tabuperform the grocery store. The strength of HPs portfolio is leaner cost structure and accelerating market momentum that gives the confidence to raise the full year outlook (Hurd, 2010). One of the most important aspects of Hewlett Packards dodging building is an analysis of the immaterial business milieu that they operate in.As pointed out in the text Strategic Management. Concepts and Cases Competitiveness and Globalization, The fir ms understanding of the external environment is matched with knowledge about(predicate) its internal environment to form its vision, to develop its mission, and to identify and implement actions that result in strategic combat and above-average returns. (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2009) In this paper, there will be an analysis of Hewlett Packards external business environment and its conflict on the firms strategic business pertinacity plan, including examination of the three components of the external environment, the normal environment, the industry environment, and the competitor environment. External Environmental Analysis Before analyzing Hewlett Packards external influences, it is important to foreground the specific processes in an external environmental analysis.This analysis is performed so that firms dejection preparely identify say-so opportunities and threats in their external environment, and involves continually scanning, monitoring, forecasting, and assess ing segments of the customary environment. Scanning is the process of studying each segment of the general environment to identify upcoming or ongoing changes that can impact the firm. Monitoring refers to observing the changes project in the scanning process to determine if a particular trim down can be singled out which would have significant consequences for the firm.Trend identification is an important aspect of monitoring, as well as recognizing the trends effect on the firms stakeholders. Forecasting takes the changes and trends that scanning and monitoring produced, and attempts to formulate utilitarian predictions based on those changes and trends. One important factor in forecasting is identifying the time frame and rate of change for trends, so that the firm does not miss an opportunity or get caught off keep back by a threat. The final step in external environmental analysis is assessing. The objective of assessing is to determine the timing and significance of the e ffects of environmental changes and trends on the strategic management of the firm. (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2009) The prime focus of assessing is determine the impact of forecasted trends on strategic direction of the firm. Assessing decides if an opportunity or threat requires a change in plans, or the firm to take a new direction. General Environment The first component of the external environment is the general environment. The general environment is composed of dimensions in the broader society that influence an industry and the firms at bottom it. (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2009) These dimensions of broader society are further classified into six categories. The six categories of the general environment are demographic, economic, policy-making and legal, socio-cultural, technological, and globular. A large, global firm like Hewlett-Packard will find opportunities and threats in each aspect of the general environment. The demographic category of the general enviro nment includes factors such as population size, age structure, ethnic mix, income distribution, and geographic distribution.Hewlett-Packards market position as the worlds largest technology company requires careful retainer of demographic factors. Hewlett-Packards strategic continuity is impacted by this factor because it must identify markets with the correct demographic to provide an opportunity to sell its computer products. Markets with an unfavorable income distribution or an older age structure may need to be avoided until more favorable conditions arise. The economic category of the general environment includes factors such as interest rates, gross domestic product, and business savings rates.Hewlett-Packards continuity strategy is impacted by economic factors in a similar fashion as it is impacted by demographics. Markets located in a strong economy portray opportunities for the firm. Additionally, developing economies may provide turn away interest rates, or favorable bus iness savings rates. Economies in decline can represent a threat to Hewlett-Packard, as expensive computer purchases may not be a consumers focus. The political and legal category of the general environment includes factors such as antitrust laws, taxation laws, and labor laws.Hewlett-Packard can brass huge opportunities and threats with changes and trends in legislation. Hewlett-Packard produces a wide range of computer products, and if it is challenged by an antitrust law, it could face a very large threat. However, favorable changes in tax law can represent bonnie as large an opportunity for the firm to save money. The socio-cultural category of the general environment includes factors such as workforce diversity, shifts in work and career preferences, and shifts in product and service preferences.Hewlett-Packards business continuity is very concerned with monitoring and planning for preference trends in the computer technology industry. Proper sagaciousness and integration of a new product preference can represent an important opportunity, while lose this preference could end up a threat. The technological category of the general environment includes factors such as product innovations, new communications technologies, and government supported research and development expenditures. Obviously this category cavity great significance for a computer based firm like Hewlett-Packard.Product innovations can represent an opportunity for strategic continuity if Hewlett-Packard can incorporate them, a threat to strategic continuity if they cannot. novel communications technologies can be utilized to assist in streamlining operations, and represent an opportunity to lower long term costs. The final category of the general environment is global. The global category includes factors such as comminuted global markets, new industrialized countries, and cultural and institutional attributes. Hewlett-Packard is a global firm, and changes or trends in the global mark ets must be planned for to ensure strategic continuity.

The No Load Circuit And Short Circuit Characteristics Biology Essay

The No Load Circuit And Short Circuit Characteristics biota EssayThe Ward-Leonard organisation is a conventional run control method. It consists of a 3 phase consequence political motorcar controlling a separately excited DC beginning. The DC generator in drama supplies a covariant DC electric potential to a DC motor. It is basically a DC variable speed drive 2. The Ward-Leonard system is shown below in propose 1.Figure Ward-Leonard system setupThe rationale behind the Ward-Leonard system is that the DC generator target actually influence the motor to develop a torque and speed required by the load 3. Thus the speed of the generator is directly relative to the armature electric potential applied to the DC motor 2. The output voltage of the DC generator is controlled by adjusting the raise voltage ( orbit voltage), this then controls the speed of the DC motor 2.ApplicationsTravelling cranesLiftsMine hoistsBoring utensils get across Ward-Leonard system advantages and disadvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantagesVery wide range of speedsHigh costProvides step less speed control natural depression over-all efficiencyExperimentApparatus2- coupled induction machine and dc motor (as shown below in Figure 2)4- digital mul eraters (DMM)2- Variac (Excitation battleground)TachometerFigure Coupled induction machine and dc machineObjectives of the look intoCharacterise the DC machines and watch over the equivalent dress circles.Derive the exponent flow equivalences amongst the DC machines in terms of the equivalent circuits.Control the power flow between the DC machines by adjusting the field accrediteds. thence compare the heedful results with the expected theoretical power flow.Experiment procedure and setupNo-load TestThis riddle was used to intend the armature voltage.Before the experiment began the armature and field resistance were both measured.The Variac (exciter) was then connected to the field port on the DC machine.The Digital multimeter was connected to the armature port on the DC machine in order to measure the armature voltage.The DC machine was coupled to a three phase induction machine which was origin turned on to run the DC machine. The setup is shown below in Figure 3. using the knob on the Variac, increase the field voltage with an increment of 10V ( also increases) and for each case get hold the armature voltage. This was done from 0V to the rated field voltage 110V.Now decrease the field voltage to demagnetise the DC machine from 110V to 0V also with an increment of 10V. Note the residual magnetism.Figure No-Load prove setupShort-Circuit TestThis runnel was used to determine the armature current.The same procedure for the No-Load test was followed but in this case the digital multimeter was connected in series in the armature port in order to measure the current.Using the knob on the Variac, increase the field voltage with an increment of 10V and for each case determine the armature current. This was do ne from 0V to the rated field voltage 110V.The DC machine was demagnetised from 110V to 0V also with an increment of 10V recording the armature current.Ward Leonard experimentThis setup was used to determine the power flow between the machines.The two coupled machines were connected together as shown below in Figure 4. A coupled machine is shown in Figure 1. The coupled machines were connected together by means of with(predicate) the armature.The corroborative terminals of the armature were connected together and the negative terminals were connected together.A digital multimeter was connected in between the positive terminals of the armature in order to measure the current.Each DC machine was connected to Variac through the field port. Both the Variac machines were turned down to 0V.The two induction machines were switched on both at the same time from the 3 power supply.The Variac knobs were both turned at the same time with an increment of 10V from 0V. This is done up until th e multimeter reads 0A.The 0A was obtained at a field voltage of 110V.At this stage the second machine was left eonian and the field voltage of the first machine was turned down at an increment of 10V, whilst recording the current and the speed of the machine without sink the speed of 1502 rpm. A tachometer was used to measure the speed.After that the first machine was calibrated back to 110V, were the multimeter reads 0A.Now the first machine was left constant and the field voltage of the second machine was turned down at an increment of 10V, whilst recording the current and the speed of the machine without exceed the speed of 1502 rpm. A tachometer was used to measure the speed.After this then the practical is complete, the abutting step is to deduce an equation for the power as a function of excitation (field current) based on the machine characteristics. Then plot the graphs.Figure Power flow setupCUsersMashDesktopf.bmpSafetyDo not exceed the ratings of the machines and all t he other equipment.Switch off the equipment later completing the practical.ResultsCharacterisation of DC machine plank Armature and field resistanceResistanceBeforeAfter7.3 9.8 573 542 No-load characteristicsGMachine Pracopennn.bmpFigure No-load circuitTable No-load test resultsMagnetizingDemagnetizingField volts (V)Armature volts (V)Field volts (V)Armature volts (V)001.691027.8103520.861.120.5683088.930.19740116.838.211950.1141.150.114860.6165.160.117070181.969.518580196.280.42009020990.5211 snow.2218100.9220110.3227110.3227Figure No load test results plotThe following table shows the calculated field current using the measured field resistance of 573 .Table Amperes in the field coilsMagnetizingDemagnetizingField volts (V)Field Amperes (A)Field volts (V)Field Amperes (A)00.00001.60.0028100.0175100.017520.80.036320.50.0358300.052430.10.0525400.069838.20.066750.10.087450.10.087460.60.105860.10.1049700.122269.50.1213800.139680.40.1403900.157190.50.1579100.20.1749100.90.1761110.3 0.1925110.30.1925Figure DC generator no-load characteristicsCommentsThe graph shows the relationship between the no-load armature voltage and the field current at a constant speed of 1496 rpm. The magnetization curve is a straight line up to a field current of 0.1A, after this point the graph approaches a condition known as colour, thus any increase in the field current does not result in an increase in the armature voltage.Consequently the demagnetizing plot is higher up the magnetizing plot, this is due to the residual magnetism and hence the curve begins just above the 0 mark (a tiny way up).Closed circuit testGMachine Pracshortt.bmpFigure Closed circuit drawTable Closed circuit resultsMagnetizingDemagnetizingField volts (V)Armature current (A)Field volts (V)Armature current (A)1.72.541.60.2110.83.6310.71.120.54.5218.81.8130.84.7229.52.64405.5439.93.3750.96.450.23.9360.75.5960.84.44706.0170.75.05806.180.85.5906.52905.91006.921006.541117.41117.4Figure Short-circuit charact eristicsNameplate InformationNo-load circuit calculationsFigure No-load Fitted-curveThis merchant ship be written asUsing Figure 10 we can use the fitted plot of the no-load vividness curve above to determine the constant. The measured speed is used.FromThus we can calculateBut in practice we can approximate the value of the torque constantShort-circuit calculationsFigure Short circuit fitted plotThis can be written asAs calculated aboveThus by substitutionThus now we can determine the armature resistanceCoupled machines (Ward-Leonard system))110.11100.1149214910.2052240.15597110.11000.15149214920.1865670.212687110.1900.49149014940.167910.62529911079.90.86148614990.1490670.974303110.1701.22149014980.1305971.210896110601.59148014990.111941.352687110.1502.03148415010.0932841.439179110.140.32.45148415030.0751871.399974Power flow)1101100.1149214920.2052240.15597100110-0.83149214960.186567-1.1768790110-1.17148015000.16791-1.4930680110-1.56147015000.149254-1.7695570110-2.05147415000.1 30597-2.034760.1110-2.25148315020.112127-1.91737Derivation of power equationFigure Ward-Leonard system setupFigure Ward-Leonard system equivalent circuitNow from Figure above we expect thatWhere(For the generator)(For the motor)(For the generator)(For the motor)Equate equation (1) and (2)Rewrite the equationNow we observe thatLetThis equation remains the same, it just depends which machine is a generator and which machine is a motor. As mentioned above to determine which machine acts as a generator or motor, we look at the following sign conversion. outcomeDC machine CharacterisationThe DC machine characterisation of the generator was successfully done, both the no-load test and the short circuit test were done and all the parameters were calculated. The parameter calculated include the armature resistance which was set to be 6.25 as compared to the measured and the rated armature resistance it is within range ( difference).The characterisation also helps us actualize how the d c works by using the saturation curves we can determine the point where the machine starts saturation and determine the critical resistance. We can also determine information about the machine which would normally be given in the nameplate.Ward-Leonard system and the power flowThe power flow equation was successfully derived and embed as the equation belowThe equation was derived from the Ward-Leonard system that was setup in the practical. The practical showed that the power can be controlled between two DC machines using this setup. In the practical the power flowed from the generator to the motor, this was seen through the current having a negative current flowing in one direction and a positive current flowing to the other direction. The practical was successful and it clearly corresponds to the theory.What I leanedThe practical was useful in terms of helping us understand the concept of residual magnetism which is the same as in the theory.The practical was also a good represe ntation in terms of how an elevator/lift works.