Recruitment, Selection and Deployment of Human Resources Case Study

Recruitment, Selection and Deployment of Human Resources - Case Study Example The company lacked proper human resource planning when it came to recruitment and selection criteria which led to the problems above. The lack of proper motivation, unclear job specification, and minimal advertisement has been major deficiencies in Sodexo’s human resources. Effective HR planning and management should have been exercised to take care of the shortage of employees beforehand which is one of the organizational models lacking in Sodexo. Organizational and HR strategies should have been in line in order to meet the HR demand and supply of employees. The only way to solve these problems in Sodexo is for the HR to come up with new planning strategies and adopt an organizational model that will address their problems. This will ensure that their recruitment and selection process is motivating, enforces comparable evaluation methods and considers cultural diversity. Individual motivation according to Herzberg’s theory is the main source of motivation for the recruits and will ensure the lasting solution to the problem of staffing facing Sodexo currently (Weihrich and Cannice, 2010).

History of Israel and the Holy Land 332 B.C. to 70 A.D. Essay Example for Free

History of Israel and the Holy Land 332 B.C. to 70 A.D. Essay The Period from 332 B. C. to 70 A. D. refers to the age of Hellenism under the rule of Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia. The period 332 B. C. marked the conquest of Judea by the Greeks, which subsequently imposed the dissemination of the Greek way of life, taxation, and economic activities designed to acquire economic gains. After the death of Alexander, his generals divided the empire and consequently fought over his empire. Judah fell under direct control of Ptolemy 1 of Egypt, but he did not seriously interfered in its religious affairs (Chapin, H. 988, Paragraph 1 Hellenism and the Roman conquest). However, after Ptolemy 1’s death, his successor was supplanted by the Seleucids of Syria, and in 175 B. C. Antiochus IV grabbed power. He then orchestrated a campaign against Judaism and in 167 B. C. he went and sacked the temple, (which was built in 520 B. C. ) of all its precious belongings. This utter desecration and gross violation of the temple motivated a successful Jewish uprising under the able leadership of Judas Maccabaeus. He then established a theocratic government, which saw the rise of the Hasmonean Dynasty under the leadership of Simon Maccabaeus who was at the same time the spiritual leader,being the High Priest, and the commander-in-chief of the military. The coming of the Romans more than half a century later saw the rise of the chief priests to power and the eventual destruction of the temple in 70 A. D. in the hands of the Romans. The Second Temple 332 B. C. to 70 A. D.  The Jewish society rose to power comparable in scope to the ancient Davidic Kingdom under Hasmonean Dynasty, although both religious and political discord is soaring between the Pharisees, who were the interpreters of the written law and the Sadducees, the aristocratic priestly class who implements strict obedience to the written law. However, with the coming of the Romans in 65 B. C. Jerusalem fell in the hands of the Romans, which ended the eighty years of independent Jewish sovereignty and heralded the period of Roman domination of Israel, which began just the same period. The Romans appointed Herod, an Idumaean, as a puppet king of Judah. His appointment as king of the Jews was subsequently confirmed by the Roman Senate in 37 B. C. He then rebuilt and magnified the platform of the temple and constructed many important buildings such as palaces, theater, citadel, hippodrome, and agora modeled after both the Hellenistic and Roman architecture. An internet article published by Planet Ware . com entitled Jerusalem, Israel cited that after Herod’s death in 4 B.  C. Jerusalem was under the care of the high priests, which was under Roman Procurators (Planet Ware, Par. 2). Chapin noted that Rome granted the Jew religious autonomy as well as some legislative and judicial rights through the Sanhedrin (Chapin, par. 5, Hellenism and the Roman Conquest). The second temple played a great role in the so-called â€Å"city of the high priest† that is, referring to the prominence of the Jewish religious leaders during this time. The Great Sanhedrin made the temple mount in Jerusalem the seat of both the religious and judicial powers vested upon them by the Roman Procurators. Their scope of authority includes religious, political, and legal authority such as trying a high priest, supervising certain rituals, and even declaring war (Chapin). This religious and judicial body was primarily composed of priestly Sadducees, which may be numbering of about seventy-one sages. The Sanhedrin’s control and judicial authority ended with the rise to power of Agrippa 1 in 41 to 44 B. C. The grand son of Herod 1 the Great, Agrippa 1 extended the city northward by constructing the third wall. However, the fanatical sect of the Jewish nationalist movement known as the zealot challenged the Roman control of Judah in A. D. 66. This uprising brought the Roman legions to a protracted siege, which was carried out by Vespasian, the Roman commander in Judah. The revolt however was crushed by his son Titus in A. D. 70 and Jerusalem and the second temple was destroyed by the Romans (Chapin) Hellenism and the Jews (Evaluations and Commendations) Hellenization, according to an internet article entitled â€Å"Celtic† and Medeterranean Interaction is the process by which non-Greeks were made more or less Greeks, assimilated into Greek culture if not acculturated. The article noted that the extent of Hellenization during the time of Alexander reach even further to the lands of the Barbarians (Celtic and Mideterranean Interaction). The article cited that Greeks abroad carried with them any thing that could help in advancing Greekness and they were more emphatically consciously Greeks and built cities and towns introducing urban structures and new ideas. Chapin pointed out that despite of the strong emphasis on priestly rule and Judaism, Jewish society was greatly influenced by the Greek Hellenism, particularly cities like Jerusalem, except in their adherence to monotheistic faith. However, life in the provinces and rural areas was comparatively unchanged (Chapin). Jerusalem subtly yet speedily adopted the Greek culture particularly the Greek language, games and sports, and even the early literature of the new faith, Christianity (Chapin, Par. ). According to an internet article entitled The Impact of Hellenism on the Jews, though Hellenism was neither offensive nor beneficial yet it poses serious challenge to Judaism (Old Testament History, Par. 1). The article noted that Hellenistic culture presents serious threats to Judaism in the same way that idolatry of the Canaanites neighbor of the Pre-Exilic Israel served as a great temptation, which had caused their nation’s destruction and later Diasporas. The impact of Hellenism on Post Exilic Israel was difficult them to resist in remaining true to their faith as Hellenism offers relief from laborious struggle for existence. Hellenism viewed life as a continuous series of social festivities, comforts, and ease. It was under Hellenistic period that public places for eating and bathing was offered to the public with customary music of strings such as the harp (O. T. History, par. 7) which today may be characterized by the restaurants and public swimming pools. Great public libraries, potential economic opportunities, and sophisticated Greek education would have strong appeal to may nobler Jews and merchants, which made the Hellenistic way of life easily acceptable. On the other hand, conservative Jews particularly Palestinian Jews were not impressed by the social and cultural advances brought about by Hellenism, courtesy of the Greeks. These conservatives despised the Hellenized Jews on the grounds that they had compromised their religion. An internet article entitled The Church History cited that the Hellenized Jews were forbidden in the temple rather they were directed to attend Greek-speaking synagogues to hear and understand the Torah being read in Greek as they could no longer speak nor understand Hebrew. The purpose therefore, of Hellenization was to assimilate every culture, or the acculturation of every nation’s culture under one culture, the Greek culture, is not only a brilliant idea or military strategy if indeed it can be categorized in that way, rather, it is highly advance idea designed to rule the world in utmost peace and economic prosperity. This impact could have changed the course of history had Alexander livelonger than he had lived. It cannot be denied that the influence of Hellenism still benefits today’s generations and the idea of hellenization still dominates the society in many ways. Interpretation Hellenism was a subtle way of conquering the world. Alexander may have conquered much of the known world during his time but his military and political leadership did not live long enough to achieve what he desired, to conquer the world. Perhaps Hellenism was intended by Alexander for a peaceful conquest. Indeed, his model Hellenistic community in Alexandria, Egypt was meant to attract the known civilizations of the benefit of Hellenization. True to his intention, the world was conquered by the Greeks not by swords and spears or by sheer military force but by festivities, by cultural and educational advancement, and by economic opportunities Hellenism offers. Today, the Greek influence still remains after thousands of years in many aspects of the social and cultural life, including arts. Hellenization can be compared to the idea of the democracy promoted by the remaining super power of the world today. By Hellenizing the known world, Alexander can build an alliance with many countries just like the idea of democracy. In other words the same concept in promoting democracy lies in the Hellenization. It symbolized the hegemonic power of Greece under the leadership of Alexander the Great. Conclusions The history of Israel from 332 B. C. up to 70 A. D. as a monument of Greece’ rise to power, and dominance of the world, at the height of their glory, as well as the marks of Israel’s resurgence to power which they so longed, under the Hasmonean dynasty, although this period marks both rise and fall of the three nations involve, its most important contribution in human civilizations was the spread of Hellenism, which truly brought not only economic benefits, but also culturally and socially, and the developments of sports. Hellenism has brought much contribution that even the generation of today is benefiting. The many borrowed words that help us understand meanings of the fast events are just one of the many benefits of Hellenization. Hellenization therefore symbolizes the hegemony of the Greek nation as well as Alexander’s desire to rule the world in peace and in prosperity as by acculturation and assimilation, it would have mean no boundaries or no enemies, rather it promotes unity and cooperation among nations. The blessings of democracy that we now enjoy may be compare to the blessings of Hellenism had Alexander livelonger.

Ursa and Generations :: Free Essays

Ursa and Generations It is difficult to come up with a logical explanation of why Ursa's doctors decided to remove her womb and therefore leaving her infertile after suffering a fall down the stairs. She was described as three months pregnant at the time of the fall, so her losing the fetus makes sense, but this hardly seems to justify taking her womb out. Ursa places full blame on Mutt and he stands out as the logical person toward whom she harbors all of her resentment. He was drunk at the time of her accident and from prior account Mutt was insanely jealous, protective and did not want Ursa working. One can not help but wonder how many black women during this period of American History were given hysterectomies for irrational reasons. It seems Ursa's emotions are pulled in different directions. Unfortunately, she not only had to deal with the physical and emotional pain of not being able to bear children but also confronted the reality that the history of her family and Corregidora would end with her. At times, I found it selfish of Great-Gram and Gram to burden the story of Corregidora on Ursa at such a young age. I understand that they did not wish their history and memories to die with them, but the way in which Ursa responds with her emotions indicated to me she was traumatized by their memories. Once she became infertile, she was not able to completely heal emotionally, and she felt she was not complete or not woman enough because she did not have a womb. Ursa became the vessel of Gram's and Great-Gram's unrecorded history, and even if she did not know it, she was filled with all their hurt, anger and humiliation. The way for her to release these feelings would have been to "create

Convergence of US GAAP and IFRS Essay

The Norwalk Agreement refers to a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) which was signed in September of 2002 in Norwalk, Connecticut between the United States Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standard Boards (IASB) The MOU was an agreement between the two organization to, â€Å"use their best efforts to (a) make their existing financial reporting standards fully compatible as soon as is practicable and (b) to coordinate their future work programs to ensure that once achieved, compatibility is maintained.† The original agreement called for all differences between US GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) and IFRS (International Financial Reporting System to be eliminated by January 1, 2005, but problems quickly surfaced in this approach and according the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) currently has a timeline of 2016 for all US corporations to adopt the IFRS. Before discussing what the effect of these changes are on US Corporations, one must first understand the history of both the FASB/US GAAP and the IASB/IFRS. The Financial Accounting Standards Board was established by the SEC in 1973 to take over the role of establishing standards for financial accounting from the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)’s Accounting Principles Board (APB). The US GAAP are accounting rules used to prepare, present, and report financial statements for a wide variety of entities, including publicly-traded and privately-held companies, non-profit organizations, and governments. The US Government does not directly set accounting standards, instead believing that the private sector has a better ability to set these rules. The US GAAP is not formally written into law, but is instead codified into the FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The FASB has four major types of publications it uses to make changes to the US GAAP: 1. Statements of Financial Accounting Standards: the most authoritative US GAAP setting publications. 2. Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts: Part of the FASB’s conceptual framework project, these are fundamental objective and concepts that the FASB will use in developing future standards. They are not a part of the US GAAP, but instead represent future goals of the GAAP. 3. Interpretations: Interpretations modify or extend existing standards and are a part of the US GAAP. There are currently 48 interpretations available 4. Technical Bulletins: These are guidelines on applying standards, interpretations, and opinions. They usually solve a very specific accounting issue that does not have a significant, long-lasting effect. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is an independent, privately funded organization founded in London, England on April 1, 2001 with the stated objective to: â€Å"develop a single set of high quality, understandable, enforceable, and globally accepted financial reporting standards based upon clearly articulated principles.† To achieve these objectives the IASB has developed the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) and aggressively promoting the use of these standards. As of today over 120 countries either require or permit the use of IFRSs and all members of the G20 have established time lines to adopt the IFRSs in the near future (including the United States.) The IFRSs consist of the standards, interpretations, and frameworks issued by the IASB, and include many of the standards formerly known as International Accounting Standards (IAS) which were issued by the now defunct International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) which existed from 1973 until 2001. The IFRSs are principle based standards (as opposed to the US GAAP which uses rules-based standards) that establish broad rules but generally leave specific treatments open to some interpretation. IFRSs consist of: 1. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) – All standards issued after the IASB was founded in 2001. 2. International Accounting Standards (IAS) – Standard issues by the IASC prior to 2001. 3. Interpretations from the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) – Interpretations issued after 2001. 4. Standing Interpretations Committee (SIC) – Interpretations issued before 2001. 5. Framework for the Preparations and Presentations of Financial Statements – A statement of the basic principles of the IFRSs. The framework serves as a guide to resolving accounting issues not specifically addressed in a standard. Having established the backgrounds of the major players to the Norwalk Agreement it is important to understand how this convergence project will affect US Corporations in their future financial reporting as the FASB / SEC begins their push towards full integration by the year 2016. As converged standards are introduced, many US Corporations will see major changes in all areas of their business activities ranging from financial statements to leasing to employee benefits and although covering all these changes is beyond the scope of this paper, we will present some of the more important changes. The largest major difference between the two regulations is in their scope, and level of â€Å"guidance† for companies in the area of revenue recognition. The US GAAP has developed detailed guidance for many different industries incorporating standards suggested by a multitude of accounting standards organizations in those specific industries. The IFRS, on the other hand, mentions two standards for revenue recognition for guidance and allows companies to determine which method they will use. Another major change for US Companies is in the area of inventory costing. Under US GAAP, companies may choose between using LIFO (Last-In-First-Out), FIFO (First-In-First-Out), or a variety of other inventory valuation methods, in accounting for cost of goods held in inventory. Once the switch is made to IFRS, the use of LIFO for inventory valuation will be prohibited so that all companies will be similar cost formulas. Several additional changes include: 1. The option to classify expenses based on either function or nature under IFRS vs. the requirement to classify expenses based on function only under US GAAP. 2. The requirement to present noncontrolling (â€Å"minority†) interest as a component of equity on the balance sheet under IFRS vs. the requirement under US GAAP to present noncontrolling interest outside of equity. 3. The ability to use either the proportionate consolidation method or the equity method of accounting for joint venture accounting under IFRS vs. the current requirement to use the equity method of accounting 4. IFRS will allow revaluation of assets for several different classes of assets, even requiring their revaluation on a regular basis whereas currently US GAAP does not permit revaluation under any circumstance. 5. Under IFRS, advertising and promotional cost will have to be expensed as incurred vs. the US GAAP which allows for costs to either be expensed as they are incurred, or expense when the advertising takes place for the first time, leaving the choice up to the individual company. While these changes are just a few of the changes which will impact company’s’ financial statements there are many changes coming which fall in areas outside financial statements. Nowhere is this clearer than in the area of US regulatory laws. As an article in the Wall Street Journal, â€Å"Closing the Information GAAP,† notes that, â€Å"If an accounting and reporting framework that relies on professional judgment rather than detailed rules is to flourish in the U.S., the legal and regulatory environment will need to evolve in ways that remain to be seen.† They suggest that laws in the US will have to move to accept more ambiguity in accounting, and that the change to IFRS could possibly provide new defenses to executives and accountants who try to do the right thing. A final change noted by both the PriceWaterhouseCoopers and Accenture case studies, is the updating, sometimes at a very high cost, of companies Accounting Information Systems to be able to collect, store, and analysis financial data in ways that will comply with the new IFRS standards. These two studies both believe that this activity will be the most painful and difficult for the majority of US companies to comply with. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. FASB. â€Å"FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board.† Norwalk Agreement. Accessed June 29, 2010. . [ 2 ]. SEC. â€Å"SEC Proposes Roadmap Toward Global Accounting Standards to Help Investors Compare Financial Information More Easily.† Accessed June 29, 2010. < http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-184.htm> [ 3 ]. FASB. â€Å"FASB: Facts about FASB.† Accessed July 03, 2010. [ 4 ]. IFRS Foundation. â€Å"Who we are and what we do.† Published July 2010 [ 5 ]. IASB. â€Å"About the IFRS Foundation and the IASB.† Accessed July 02 2010. [ 6 ]. IAS Plus. â€Å"Summaries of International Financial Reporting Standards.† Accessed July 03 2010. [ 7 ]. PriceWaterhouseCoopers. â€Å"IFRS and US GAAP similarities and differences.† September 2009. From the â€Å"IFRS Readiness Series.† [ 8 ]. Accenture. â€Å"Preparing for International Financial Reporting Standards: An Opportunity for Finance Transformation.† [ 9 ]. Ernst & Young. â€Å"US GAAP vs. IFRS: The Basics.† January 2009. [ 10 ]. The Wall Street Journal. â€Å"Closing the Information GAAP.† Accessed July 20 2010.

The Issue Of Reflection Education Essay

Contemplation as defined by the Oxford English lexicon ( 1993 ) means ‘idea originating in the head ‘ and head means ‘seat of consciousness, thought, will, and experiencing ‘ . It seems therefore that contemplation, in an every twenty-four hours term is about believing that involves will and feeling, therefore contemplation is really personal as we are all alone persons. So, if contemplation is believing why are we being assessed on it, and how can it be assessed as certainly we all think otherwise. Are brooding model theoretical accounts, an assistance to assist me believe or an assistance to assist the assessor ‘s buttockss me? Am I being misanthropic or is cynicism accurate observation? Have we bury how to believe? Are we populating in an age where the gait of life is so fast that people do n't hold clip to believe any more? Is that why contemplation is now being incorporated into course of studies or is it to heighten acquisition and the forming of constructs and connexions? Is it to do me gain what my ain thoughts are, and which are person else ‘s? Or is it as King and Kitchener ( 1994 cited Moon 2001, p.8 ) propose to dispute my acquisition and thereby better my cognitive ability? At first I thought that contemplation was a complicated issue, but so I learnt that it was about thought. When I foremost received this assignment I ‘thought ‘ that I would truly bask it, as I would be able to be originative but whilst reflecting during the action of roll uping my portfolio, and researching for my brooding essay, I have become resentful, non because I am immune to alter but because I feel that it is intrusive and a small patronising to give me person else ‘s theoretical account or formula of how to believe. It seems that Moon ( 2001, p.16 ) would hold with me as she suggests Are pupils told to reflect when really they will merely follow a formula ( e.g. set inquiries ; rigorous attachment to the Kolb rhythm ( Kolb, 1984 ) ) ? Make pupils have their contemplations as kids own their drama? From my personal experience I would implore to differ as when I used the brooding theoretical account of Price ( 2002 ) to reflect upon my unit A assignments I found it smothering and found myself over-inflating my beliefs of segregation so that I would hold something to compose about in that portion of the model. Bolton ( 1998 ) would propose that my defensive attitude is ‘a get bying scheme ‘ and that I am defying ‘change and development ‘ . Whereas Lifton ( 1961 cited Atherton 2003 ) describes the procedure of idea reform as ‘brainwashing ‘ . For me these theoretical accounts are common sense and hence I have been resentful towards them. During one of our lessons we were given a sheet of paper with brooding theoretical accounts on it and asked to take one to reflect upon our presentation. Personally, I had already reflected upon my presentation briefly instantly after I had finished it, so once more in more deepness in my auto on the manner place and so once more in even more deepness when I discussed it with my hubby, read all the presentation press releases, and compared my presentation with everyone else ‘s. Therefore personally I do n't experience that I learnt anything by utilizing Price ‘s ( 2002 ) reflective model theoretical account. However I have since learnt upon reflecting on my acquisition manner that the bulk of my acquisition features are that of the ‘dreamer ‘ ( Cottrell 2003, p.63 ) . One of the strengths of the ‘dreamer ‘ is to reflect and measure good. Therefore I can appreciate that Price ‘s ( 2002 ) reflective model theoretical account may be more good to possibly, the leaner with ‘logician ‘ features as Cottrell ( 2003, p.63 ) proposes that their learning country to be developed is ‘personal contemplation ‘ . However I do non experience that pupils can be pigeon-holed into certain learning types, although I must acknowledge that most of my features were spot on with Cottrell ‘s ( 2003 ) dreamer larning manner. It would look that contemplation has been good to me after all, as it has made me cognizant of my learning manner or manners and made me gain that the usage of brooding models are smothering for me, hence I have thought approximately, ‘reflected upon ‘ and learnt something from ‘the experience ‘ . It seems that my learning experience is related to Boud et Al ‘s ( 1985 ) defini tion of contemplation as they defines it as A generic term for those rational and effectual activities in which persons engage to research their experiences in order to take to a new apprehension and grasp ( Draper 1999 ) . It seems that Boud et al view contemplation from the scholar ‘s point of position, underscoring the relationship of the brooding procedure and the learning experience. For illustration I have learnt from the experience of utilizing brooding model theoretical accounts that I find them smothering. Whereas Dewey ( 1993 ) defines contemplation as An active persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed signifier of cognition in the visible radiation of the evidences that support it and the farther decision to which it tends ( Draper 1999 ) . Dewey positions contemplation as experiential acquisition and that each experience influences future experiences. For illustration Dewey may hold that from the racial bias that I discussed in subdivision two that I take this experience with me to future experiences. For illustration through seeing some of the black citizens of Africa deformed via non being inoculated against infantile paralysis I have non hesitated to inoculate my kids against diseases such as infantile paralysis, epidemic parotitiss, rubeolas and German measles. Therefore a past experience can inform a present experience, such as whether I should let my adolescents to be inoculated against meningitis. Sch & A ; ouml ; n ( 1993, 1987 cited Moon 2001, p. 3 ) focal points on contemplation in professional cognition and its development. He has identified two types of contemplation. These are ‘reflection in action ‘ and ‘reflection on action ‘ . Sch & A ; ouml ; n proposes that these types of contemplations are used in alone state of affairss, where the practician is unable to use ‘theories or techniques antecedently learnt through formal instruction ‘ ( Moon 2001, p.4 ) . It would therefore look that ‘reflection in action ‘ and ‘reflection on action ‘ are extremely good to the attention and educational industries as practicians are working with persons who are more frequently than non, text book illustrations. Reflection is a cardinal portion of my child care pattern as I work with kids and households who are persons with alone qualities. This means that every clip I do an activity I may necessitate to make it otherwise as I w ill necessitate to see the person demands of the child/children and that of their parents. For illustration, if you were a mill worker and you packed bars your contemplation in action would n't take as long, because you would be working with inanimate objects. Therefore your contemplations may be more matter-of-fact whereas in my occupation I am covering with babies, yearlings, kids and grownups, hence my contemplations are changeless and are more likely to be based upon emotions, as I am working with persons who have emotions excessively. As the chief ethos of my pattern is to handle each kid and household member as persons, I therefore reflect ‘in action ‘ throughout my on the job twenty-four hours and reflect ‘on action ‘ , sometimes instantly after an action, and sometimes subsequently in the eventide. For illustration when a parent arrives they may inform me of the feverish weekend that they have had. This information that I am provided with affects my contemplation in action. For illustration if I have been informed that a kid is likely to be really tired today and I have planned a feverish twenty-four hours, I would be believing on my toes and accommodate the yearss activities to suit a slumber in for that kid. It would look that contemplation is a paradox as there are many different significances and types of contemplation, the above being merely a few. What is evident though is that contemplation is really complicated which is dry sing that thought is really easy. Possibly so it is non the procedure of contemplation that is difficult, ‘the thought ‘ but, it is covering with the emotions that reflection brings. Possibly I am being assessed on my contemplation abilities as they are of import to my holistic personal, instruction and pattern development. Possibly my cynicism in the debut is healthy as, No adult male who worships instruction has got the best out of instruction†¦ Without a soft disdain for instruction no adult male ‘s instruction is complete.Gilbert K. ChestertonI surely feel that I have got my initial disdain for contemplation out of my system as I have realised that contemplation has helped me do connexions such as the nexus between my learning manner and seting the practical authorship of assignments off for every bit long as possible. Contemplation has as King and Kitchener proposed ‘improved my cognitive ability ‘ , as I now have a better apprehension of contemplation and myself. I besides feel that pupils do have their contemplations as they own their yesteryear experiences which they draw upon during contemplation. Personally I do non like brooding model theoretical accounts but I appreciate that they can be really good for pupils who find contemplation hard.

Become an exploratory essay professional

Become an exploratory essay professional Exploratory essay Exploratory Essay: Principles of Successful and Effective Writing Exploratory Essay Definition It is essential to know the definition of an exploratory essay before you start working on it. According to the definition formulated by experts, an exploratory essay is a brief piece of writing of non-fiction character, where a writer investigates a particular problem, explores a specific idea, concept or experience without being obliged to support the claim or support the central argument or thesis. An exploratory essay is different from ordinary argumentative essays and from any other types of essays you have ever written. Your primary aim is not to convince the reader in the credibility of the information you provide or to persuade the reader to accept your argument or opinion but to investigate the problem in depth and derive some conclusions from the discussion. Another purpose of writing is to put forward specific recommendations concerning the issue. All these things considered; there is another essential aspect of the exploratory writing. Particularly, these types of essays aim at reflecting one’s writing fluency and cognitive ability as you investigate a specific problem or aspect. When you work on an exploratory essay, you may be expected to provide a description of why, how, and when you conducted a research and what methodology you used. Steps Necessary for Writing an Exploratory Essay Devise a standard outline, as it will help you organize your writing process. In other words, when you have an outline, you have a so-called backbone of your paper and you just elaborate the ideas, illustrate the topic sentences, and provide supporting evidence and examples. Make sure you read the articles for summation for a sufficient number of times. After you have read the articles that you will use for illustration and support, make sure you see a clear picture how you will use the articles and how they are related. Make sure you follow the required writing, formatting, and citation styles. Discuss your piece of writing with another person. It could be a family member, a relative, a friend, a group mate, etc. This discussion will ensure that readers understand what you are writing about and what you intend to tell. Come up with some visual aid in case you present you essay in front of the audience. Make sure you write drafts before working on the final version of the text. Revise, edit, and proofread them. Make sure you add transitions to make the text smooth, logical, and coherent. How to Write an Exploratory Essay Make sure you provide a clear and detailed definition, interpretation, explanation, and discussion of a problem in the introduction. Finish the introduction with a thesis statement that conveys the central idea of the essay. Further work on the development of the main body. Decide how many body paragraphs you will have and divide the information equally between them. Make sure that each body paragraph focuses on a separate problem or issue. Ensure that each body paragraph starts with a topic sentence and finishes with a closing sentence. Highlight that you are personally interested in the problem you explore or discuss. Emphasize the standpoint you take. You may state it in the conclusion. If you are assigned to prepare an exploratory essay, you should know that it differs from other academic works. When writing it, you need to explore a certain subject and illustrate its importance to a particular research area. You never know what conclusion you will arrive at when examining the issue. Thus, in order to produce a work of outstanding quality, you should discuss the given topic in detail. If to be more specific, you need to prove that the stated facts are true. Key Features of Exploratory Works This paper focuses on addressing particular problems rather than discussing ideas. Thus, you need to make an in-depth analysis of the situation to find an effective way out of it. Note that there are diverse exploratory essay topics. However, when examining any of them, you need to explain why the chosen subject is worth considering. An exploratory piece of writing can be produced by adopting different methods. Nevertheless, two of them are the most efficient. The first one is a standard way of producing academic works. You should identify the key point and begin researching it. The second is about writing a conclusion and then preparing the very essay. Usually, the former method is commonly used by the majority of students. However, the latter will help you make the paper coherent. Note that there a lot of clear exploratory essay examples online. If you scrutinize them, you will see how the discussed methods are employed. While producing such a paper, you will find out a lot of interesting facts. In other words, you will become more open-minded about some issues. Some students find this assignment difficult, while others think that it is a great way to learn new information.Structuring the Essay Introductory Section In this paragraph of your exploratory paper, you need to present the subject you are going to examine. You may use quotations, provide descriptions of events or use other ways of introducing the topic. You should also identify the problem you will analyze. Do not forget to mention the approach you are going to use when discussing the subject. Body Paragraphs This part should provide readers with valuable information about the points identified in the introduction. This section of exploratory papers should present an acceptable solution to the discussed problem. Conclusion Restate the main idea of your exploratory essay and express your opinion on the tackled issue. If you research the subject thoroughly and offer an effective solution to the faced problem, you will write a paper of superior quality. Exploratory Essay Written For You Every student wants to be successful. While studying, you cannot avoid essay writing since it is a common assignment in almost all educational institutions. However, for some reasons, students do not want to  write academic papers. Some of them confess that it is not their cup of tea. Sometimes they lack time, desire or writing skills to create essays and papers that could earn a brilliant academic reputation. The easiest way to avoid this problem is cooperation with a reliable online writing service, like. Our freelance writing company has been providing quality academic services for many years During all this time, we have been satisfying all the customers` needs since it is our core goal. You can totally rely on our custom essay writing services because they have already provided numerous essays for students from many countries. We are proud to confess that we have a lot of loyal customers who return to us again and again once trying our academic assistance. Contact us with the request â€Å"do my essay, please† and you will not regret it! The conditions of our cooperation are extremely comfortable. In order to provide you with the best writing services, we employ only the most professional writers. They have no less than 3 years of writing experience and ground knowledge of proper English grammar and spelling. Besides professional writers, we have hired skilled editors and proofreaders. They carefully check every order for mistakes and plagiarism before you get it. We ensure you that the final results of our cooperation are brilliantly written essays and papers th at meet all your initial requirements and modern academic standards. As for our pricing policy, it is also extremely comfortable for all the students. Everyone who needs academic help can get it from since our price and quality balance is the best one in the sphere of academic writing. Of course, quality work should be reasonably paid, so we cannot guarantee you ridiculously cheap rates, but we guarantee you that our price rates will not hit your pocket! Exploratory Essay

How to Write a Great Peer Recommendation

How to Write a Great Peer Recommendation SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips So your friend/sibling/classmate wants you to write her a peer recommendation. Being the awesome friend/sibling/classmate that you are, you've not only agreed to write the letter, but you plan to write the BEST recommendation letter of all time. Apart from good intentions (check!), what else do you need to write an outstanding peer recommendation? This guide will break down the content and structure of peer reference letters so you can help get your bestie into the college of her dreams (which is probably Dartmouth or Davidson, the only colleges I currently know of that require peer evaluations). First, here is your mission, since you've chosen to accept it. The Purpose of the Peer Recommendation So far, only Dartmouth and Davidson ask for a peer evaluation as part of their applications. Some students choose to send one as a supplementary letter of recommendation. This can be a good idea if it adds an important dimension to their application or makes up for lackluster letters from teachers and counselors who don't know them well. In most circumstances, extra material tends to be discouraged, or admissions officers might prefer that the additional letter come from a coach, boss, or other supervisory person. For Dartmouth and Davidson, though, the peer letter of recommendation is an important part of the application. A mediocre one probably won't destroy an application, but a truly outstanding one can give it a serious boost. What a truly outstanding letter can do is give deep insight into a student's character and personality, beyond what a teacher or counselor can communicate in their evaluation. Obviously Dartmouth, as an Ivy League school, is incredibly selective and has high academic expectations. Davidson is also quite selective and chooses highly academically driven students. However, the peer recommendation isn't really meant to rave about a peer's academic abilities. Instead, it can speak to the applicant's character and personality, as well as to how she'll interact socially on a college campus. According to Dartmouth, it doesn't "want another letter from a teacher, coach, or other supervisory presence in your life; we have enough of those. Ask a peer who can provide fresh insight into our interests and your character." Davidson, similarly, says, "You, as a close friend or classmate, know the applicant in a different way than do teachers, counselors, principals, and advisors. Your insights will help us to understand the nature and extent of the respect accorded to the applicant by peers." In addition to a statement of support, Davidson asks peer recommenders to rate their friends on qualities like self-confidence, leadership, concern for others, reaction to criticism, and energy and initiative. As a peer recommender, you can give another dimension to and perspective on your friend's personality and help the admissions committee get to know him/her more deeply. This may sound like a tall order, because it is! But before you start worrying about getting writer's block, read on for suggestions on how to start. How do I help my friend get into college?! How to Write a Strong Peer Recommendation The best rec letters aren't written in a day, and it's definitely a good idea to consult a guide like this, rather than just winging it. Let's break down the steps to writing a great peer recommendation, starting with brainstorming. Step 1: Brainstorm Ah brainstorming, that oft suggested but little used first step. While perhaps you can afford to skip this step in other pieces of writing, I strongly recommend taking the time to do some mental mapping before writing your peer recommendation. The reason for this is that the best recommendation letters are focused and specific. They highlight the most important strengths and impressive qualities in the applicants. Rather than presenting someone as well-rounded in everything, the most memorable reference letters zero in on particular areas. Then they tell specific stories that illustrate and, in a sense, provide evidence for these qualities. There are three main questions you should ask yourself before you start outlining and drafting: What qualities most impress me about my peer? What specific examples and anecdotes can I provide to demonstrate these qualities? What tone should I use to best express my recommendation? Let's consider each of these questions individually. First, what qualities do you want to highlight? I plan to highlight your exceptional fuzziness. Personal Qualities and Traits As you start brainstorming, try to come up with a list of the qualities that most impress you and others about your friend. Is s(he) exceptionally loyal? Supportive? Confident? Adventurous? How about encouraging, mature, energetic, insightful, or brilliant? This is a great stage to consult with your friend and get a sense of what she's writing about in his/her application or if she's applying to any particular program. If she's highlighting her passion for world events and multicultural exchange, for example, you could talk about that time you both went on the school trip to Europe and she conversed with all the people you met. If she's applying to be pre-med, you could talk about her passion for helping people and somewhat annoying tendency to pick science documentaries on movie nights. In other words, find out what your friend is saying in other parts of her application, as well as what's missing. Then figure out how you can both complement and add further dimension to her story. Once you have your list, try to narrow it down to the three or four qualities that best characterize your friend. Consider whether they're the type of qualities that will impress admissions officers (though don't worry too much about this; you don't want your letter to read as if you're just saying what you think they'd like to hear). What I mean is stating that your friend is always the life of the party might come off as immature, whereas saying she takes on a role of leadership in group situations and has a great talent for mobilizing and energizing people might be interpreted more favorably. Once you've narrowed down the traits you'd like to focus on in your letter, you can move onto the second phase of brainstorming: thinking of specific stories and examples. That time you saved Timmy from the well is a perfect example of your bravery and selflessness. Anecdotes and Examples Which of these excerpts is more effective: 1. Anna is a kind person who loves to help others. She is a caring friend and student. 2. When Anna realized our school didn't provide any orientation for new students, she organized a club calledNew Kids on the Block, where new and established students get together to have lunch and share their experiences. This is just one example of her kind and loving spirit and drive to make everyone feel connected and included. The first is fine, but it doesn't do much to differentiate Anna from other applicants whose friends speak of their kind and caring nature. The second, though, proves that Anna cares about others and paints a picture of her organizing a club and bringing students together in the school. Just like you use examples to support your points in a persuasive essay for English class, you can use meaningful stories to illuminate your friend's character. This will sound more powerful and effective, plus it will help your letter stand out among the rest. This approach will make it a more interesting piece of writing overall, rather than a list of positive adjectives that blend together before a tired admission officer's eyes. In other words, don't just tell the college how great your friend is. Show them. Think About Tone Finally, I would suggest considering tone and style. Your recommendation doesn't have to sound especially formal, like most teachers and counselors' letters would. As a peer, you can write more intimately and personally, as well as inject humor into your writing. At the same time, don't try to be funny if comical writing isn't your strong suit. Instead, choose the tone that's most authentic for you and can most powerfully communicate a vision of your friend. Perhaps most important is to sound earnest, sincere, and heartfelt. After you've brainstormed and determined the focus of your letter, it's time to start outlining and drafting. The following structure is a helpful guide for most peer recommendation letters. Structure is very important. Those sticks aren't going to pile themselves. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now: Step 2: Outline and Draft Letters of recommendation are typically one page. It may go onto a second page, but I wouldn't advise making it much longer than that. While you can be creative in your presentation, there are a few key elements that all rec letters should include. Let's start with what should go into the introduction. Introduction At the beginning of your evaluation, you should state your support for your friend's application to the school. You should also say who you are, what your relationship to the applicant is, and how long you've known her. This gives weight to your qualifications to assess the applicant. If there are any other special circumstances that make you an especially good person to evaluate her, then you can include those as well. All of these elements - your statement of support, introduction of yourself, and qualifier of your relationship - could be wrapped into one, or stated separately, like in these few examples. I'm so excited to picture Allie on Dartmouth's campus. I have no doubt that she will bring the same infectious energy, silly humor, and deep friendship with her that she's shown to me and our peers all through high school. I'm honored and excited to provide this statement of support for David, who I recommend without reservation for Davidson College. When I was the nervous new kid in 6th grade, Sam didn't hesitate to invite me to sit next to her at lunch and show me around the school. Her caring and compassion for others, combined with her fearlessness in making new friends, makes me completely certain that she'll have no trouble adjusting to college campus life. From study groups to sleepovers, track meets to a tour bus on our school trip to Italy, I've gotten to know Jess as a student, athlete, explorer, and, most importantly, best friend. Again, it's up to you to decide how exactly you want to start your recommendation, but your introductory paragraph should include an actual statement of recommendation, along with the context of your relationship to the applicant and hint as to why it makes you qualified to assess him/her. Which brings us to the next part of the letter, the actual evaluation of your friend. Let me tell you a story... Assessment: Description and Stories Once you've made the proper introductions, you can dive into the meat of your recommendation: your assessment of and stories about your friend. Again, don't feel like you have to run down the list of every well-rounded quality you can think of. The best recommendation letters dive deep into a few key characteristics, rather than trying to cover everything in one page. Do you ever hear so much about a person that you feel like you've met her in real life? That's what your letter can help do for admissions officers. Assuming they won't actually meet her, your letter, along with the other recommendations and personal essay, can help your friend come alive as a complex, multi-faceted individual poised to take on a successful role at their college. In about two paragraphs, you can present what's so impressive about your friend, of course including stories and examples to back it up. Here are a couple examples. When we got hopelessly lost down the winding alleys of Venice, Jess sprang into action, calling on her advanced knowledge of Italian to communicate with locals and lead us out of the maze. When David and I go hiking, he has an almost encyclopedic knowledge of both the common and scientific names of every plant, flower, and tree that we walk past. You might be wondering if you should present weaknesses in your letter. Will discussing only strengths come off as overblown and insincere? Most schools do encourage evaluators to present a balanced view of a candidate, and suggesting areas for growth won't necessarily detract from the impression you make. A good rule of thumb is to present more strengths than weaknesses to balance them out, as well as to suggest how that weakness can be viewed as a strength. For instance, Sam can be overly critical of herself at times, but she uses her high expectations to be always improving herself. When she scored lower than expected on her first chemistry test, she sprang into study mode and used her disappointment to fuel her motivation and ace the next one. Sam strongly believes in her capacity to continually grow, learn, and improve. Overall, I believe you can rave about your friend while still maintaining a realistic and balanced tone, along with including the examples and stories to back up your evaluation. Finally, you can use the conclusion to reiterate how much you believe in your friend. Let's wrap this up...I have a very important nap to take. Conclusion In the conclusion to your peer recommendation, it's a good idea to restate your support for your friend, much as you did in the introduction, as well as describe how you envision her at college. Just like pieces of writing can grab a reader's attention with a strong hook at the beginning, they can leave a memorable impression with a strong statement at the end. Think of the main impression you want to leave in admissions officers' minds after they finish reading. Why is it in their and the college's best interest to accept your friend? Brian is the most talented, motivated, and well-spoken person I know. I recommend him enthusiastically for admission to Dartmouth. Sam has always aspired to study medicine and help make the world a healthier and more equitable place. I truly can't think of anyone better suited for this role. Who's that person I see in the bustling newsroom, writing groundbreaking stories as lead editor of The Dartmouth one year from today? Oh right, that's Sam. She's doing an amazing job, just as we all knew she would. After drafting your letter of recommendation, go ahead and hit submit. Just kidding. You should definitely take the time to revise this important piece of writing. Not just yet, carrier pigeon...there's still some revising to do. Step 3: Revision Hurray! You have your first draft of your peer recommendation complete. Now how can you make it even better? First off, I would again encourage you to check that you've given explicit examples and stories. Make sure it doesn't sound too abstract and uses anecdotes to demonstrate, rather than simply describe. As they say (whoever "they" is), actions speak louder than words. Additionally, consider your word choice. Did you use "nice" when "generous" or "compassionate" might have been more appropriate? I'm not saying to use a thesaurus and add long synonyms where plain words work just as well, but check that you're using accurate and powerful words that express exactly what you want to say about your friend. It's also good to avoid cliches and consider how you can phrase your sentences in a fresh and creative way. In a similar sense, pay close attention to your phrasing and consider whether it could come off in the wrong way. You might want to ask someone else to read it and give you feedback. For instance, you might want to express how close your friendship is by saying, "My friend is so loyal that we've done everything together since elementary school." While this sounds great to you, it might come off as if your friend is disinterested in connecting with other people. Make sure that your phrasing is on point and won't be taken as a negative when you mean it to be positive. You may even show the letter to your friend for feedback and comments. This is up to you, as recommendation letters are generally thought to be confidential and you're not obligated to show her. Once you've made sure the spelling, grammar, and sentence structure is flawless and it reads as a powerful statement of support for your friend, you can go ahead and submit the letter to the college. Step 4: Submit Your Letter As peer recommender, you absolutely must get your recommendation in by the stated deadline. Make sure you know when that deadline is and exactly how to submit (no frantic midnight phone calls about the Common App website being down or your internet not working). Your friend will invite you as the "Other Recommender" on the Common App for Dartmouth, and you'll likely upload your Davidson recommendation here. Once everything's done and submitted, you can give yourself a pat on the back. You're an awesome friend! Job well done! Time to stretch, maybe throw on a party hat. Final Thoughts One of the most important takeaways of this guide to writing a peer recommendation is that animals are super cute and photogenic. A second important point (and one that's actually relevant) is that you don't have to be formal, comment on your friend's academic abilities, or try to emulate a teacher or counselor. Instead, your letter can shed light on your friend's personality, character, and social skills. The best letters are specific and vivid. Rather than using generic praise or speaking in cliches, they are fortified with real examples and stories. Your writing should demonstrate that you know your friend well and are qualified to assess her. Above all, remember your mission: helping your friend get accepted to college (and probably a selective, competitive college like Dartmouth or Davidson). Convince the admissions officers of your friend's outstanding qualities, and show them why they need her at their school. What's Next? Is getting into an Ivy League school like spinning a roulette wheel for everyone, or do some students have much higher chances than others? Read this complete guide on How to Get Into Harvard by a Harvard alum, and learn how you can up the odds in your favor. Besides getting strong recommendations, you want to make sure every aspect of your application tells a powerful and unique story about who you are as a student and person. Learn more about how to build a versatile college application. Are you or your friend applying to Dartmouth? This article discusses how to get a great peer recommendation specifically for this competitive Ivy League school. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

The Secret to ACT Math Mastering the Time Crunch

The Secret to ACT Math Mastering the Time Crunch SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The ACT is a complex test thatrequires both an understanding of how the test works and a strategic approach to beat. The more you know about the secrets of each section, the better you'll be at maximizing your overall point-gain and getting the scores you want. And today we're here to walk you through how to do your very best on the ACT math section. Each subject section requires its own unique approach, and the ACT math section can give even some of the highest math achievers a run for their money. But luckily we’re here to help! We'll takeyou through the most important strategy you’ll need toknow andteach you how toconquer the ACT math section once and for all. ACT MathBasics Before we talk strategy, it’s crucial that you understand exactly what the ACT math section looks like and how it’s structured. The ACT math section is- like all the ACT subject sections- complete and contained.This means that there is only one math section in the entire test, and you cannot come back to it once the time is complete. You must maintainyour focus duringyour allotted time, as you will get only one chance to do well on your math section per ACT. Every ACT will give you60 math questions in 60 minutes- an average of one minute per question- and the questions get more and more difficult as you go. So questions1-10 will be fairlysimple and quick to complete, while questions 50-60 will be considerably more difficult. Don't be alarmed if completing 60 math questions in 60 minutes sounds like a trickyprospect! This is a fast paced test for almost all students, but coming prepared and knowing the secrets for how to tackle the math section will help you to raise those scores. The Secret to Doing Well on the ACT Math Section Long story short? The biggest hurdle of the ACT math section is the time crunch. If allowed to take the test at a leisurely pace, many students find that they only miss a small number of ACT math questions (either from misunderstanding the question or because of a lack of math content knowledge).But putting students on such a fast clock tends to ratchet up anxiety, leads students to make sloppy mistakes, and can make even the most level-headed student forget how to work through familiar problems. Keep in mind that many students do not finish the math section in the allotted 60 minutes.The test is purposefully designed so that a large number of students don’t make it to the end of the section having read and answered each question.So don’t feel like you’ve done something wrong if you can’t complete your math section before the time is up. The secret to doing well on the ACT math section lies in mastering yourtiming.You must keep track of the clock, develop a timing plan before the test (and stick to it!), and walk that fine balance between speed and accuracy.After all, if you can reach the end of your 60 questions but get33% of themwrong due to sloppy errors, then you’re no better off than had youslowed down and answered the first 40 questions perfectly Do keep in mind that youwon'thave any kind of outside force to help you measure your time or keep track of the progression of that 60 minutes, so definitely bring a watch (or at least keep careful track of the classroom clock). Your best friend during the ACT. How to Improve Your ACT Math Performance Because the secret to doing well on the ACT math section is all about your timing, you'll want to have a game plan and timing schedule worked out before test day. Your timing schedule willbe based on your practice performance, your personal math pace, and your scoring goals, so don't worry if your game plan looks different than anyone else's. Keep focusedon how you, and you alone, can maximize your ACT math section point gain. To begin, break the math section into chunks and set timing goals for completing each one.(Note that your timing will besomething to fine tune as you complete your study regimenand as you take your practice tests. Over time, you will improveand will have to tweak your final timing, which iswhy practicing and keeping track of your progress overtime is essential.) It's simplest to break the math section into three parts: the first 20 questions (â€Å"easy†), questions 21-40 (â€Å"medium†), and questions 41 - 60 (â€Å"hard†), and allot a specific amount of time to each section. We'll break down more specific timing strategies based on your current and ideal scoresbelow, but there is still one tip to keep in mind for all scorers: because the question difficulty increases in ascending order, it’s not optimal to give each math section (easy, medium, hard)the same amount of time. You'll instead make the most out of your time if you giveyourselfless time for the first section, spend the majority of your time on the middle section, and dedicatetheremaining time tothe lastsection. As you try your timing techniques, experiment by increasing your pace until the point at which your accuracy significantly drops off. Then back up a step from there.Maybe you only need 10 minutes to accurately answer the first 20 questions, or maybe you need 20 or 25 minutes. You’ll find your best pace through trial and error, so take our timing schedules as a baselinewith which to start. Now, depending on what your score goals are, let's see how this works in action by breaking down the timing into more detail and setting those baselines. For Students Aiming for a Score of≠¤ 26 If you're looking to get a maximum score of 26, then your best bet is to ignore those last 20 "hard" questions altogether. Focus your attention and your timing strategies on the first 40 questions only. This will maximize your chances for getting those first 40 questions correct, while still leaving you an opportunity to gainout a handfulofpoints in the "hard" section. (How will you still earnpointsfrom questions 41-60? Make sure you always guess on any question you don't know the answer to. For more information about how to make the most of your guesswork, check out the best strategy for "blind" guessing on the ACT.) By focusing your time and attention on the first 40 questions alone, you'll be able to slow down and give each question your best shot. Start by breaking your timing down into three chunks like so: Questions 1-20: 25 minutes Questions 21-40: 32 minutes Questions 41-60: 3 minutes (just to fill in the bubbles) Again, your timing will change over time and you can feel free to tweak it here and there as it suits you, but take this as a place to begin your timing strategy. For Students Aiming for a Score of 26 - 30 If you're aiming for a mid-high score in the 26-30 range, you'll focus most of your time on the first 50 questions and give yourself a relatively short amount of time for the last 10. Start by breaking down your timing into the following chunks: Questions 1-20: 15 minutes Questions 21-40: 25 minutes Questions 41 - 60: 20 minutes It may feel strange not togive yourself the most time on the difficult section, but remember that each question is worth the same amount of points (one). Slowing down to maximize your point gain in the mid-level section can often garner you more points overall than trying to speedthrough the test or spending too much time attemptingto answer the most difficult questions. Because you're focusing most of your attention on the first 50 questions, just skim the last 10 questionsand select the ones you feel you can do quickly and accurately.Allot yourself 5-10 minutes for questions 51-60, but don’t approach them one-by-one in order.Instead, take a minute or two to briefly look over each question and mark the ones you feel that you can do (or even just the ones you know enough about to be able to eliminate an answer choice or two). Answer the ones you marked as best you can and make your best blind guesses for the rest. By sacrificing some of your short remaining time to selecting the easiest or most familiar questions of the last 10, you will be able to maximize your overall points. And it will help prevent you from taking on a question that will occupy too much of your limited time, effort, and concentration. For Students Aiming for a Score of ≠¥ 31 If you're aiming for a score of 31 or above, you'll need to look at and (at least attempt to) answer every questionon the ACT math section. Though you'll still want to dedicate the slight majority of your time to the middle 20 questionsof the test, you'll need to minimizeyour time spendon the first 20 questions and increase your time for the last 20 as much as you comfortably can. But why spend the majority of your time in the middle section still? Doing well on the ACT is a constant balance between speed and accuracy. Questions 21-40 are where the test shifts gears and these questions can be deceptive, often appearing"easier" than they actually are. If you can maintain accuracy in the first40 questions while going faster, then feel free to do so. But try this timing schedule to start: Questions 1-20: 12 minutes Questions 21-40: 25 minutes Questions 41 - 60: 23 minutes Always keep in mind that your job is to maximize your overall points, so don’t get hung up on any one question.Learning how and when to move on from a question is all about being strict with your timing and paying attention to how you’re using it. Mastering the ACT is a matter of strategy. Take the time to prepare beforehand and you'll have the edge. Conclusion: Mastering ACT Math Timing For most students, the "math" part of the ACT math section isn't actually the most difficult aspect of the test- it's the time crunch. If you were allowed to take the test in as leisurelya manner as you wanted, you'd probably shock yourself with how high you scored. Thus learning how to master the timing of the test is priority one. Everyone will develop their own personal timing paces, but starting your practice with a baseline timing strategy is crucial.Start with one of our schedules, based on your current and projected scores, and then finagle it until you find the best balance between speed and accuracy you can manage. Stick to your plan on test day and then celebrate, because you rocked that ACT math section! What's Next? Want to know the number one secrets for success on theother ACT subjects?Check out the top strategies for conqueringthe ACTscience, reading, and writingsections. Need more ACT math section study help? We've put together a complete list of all the ACT math study you could possibly need, all in one place. Don't know where to get your practice materials?Check out our complete list of where to get your free ACT practice tests. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Perspectives of Native American Tribes (Response Paper) Essay

Perspectives of Native American Tribes (Response Paper) - Essay Example ing to the analytical discussion of Dowd (1993), the experience and perspectives of the Native American Tribes had undergone various stages including development and challenges during the period of American Revolution from the year 1754 to 1781. During the early stage of the revolution, the Indians had experienced numerous obstacles to their continuous survival as a citizen on their own native lands at the early 18th century due to the controlling vied of the British and French. The British and French troops vied their prominent control over the American continent during the mid of eighteenth century whereas, the Native American communities continued seeking for expanding their colonial lands with various settlements. Aftermath the seven years’ of War with the British, the diplomatic situation and decisions of the Indian populations came under a more circumscribed position1. However, the outburst of the American Revolution in 1754 had imposed major consequences for the Indian colonies in North America, which can be stated as one of the most defining events of the Native Americans. During this stage, adequate understanding about the American Revolution was also advocated as a major contest for the Indian peoples along with their liberty within their own land. In this regard, many of the Indian colonies were sided with a hope of achieving victory with the British, which would stem continuous expansion of the Western countries. In this context, a Free Mason named Joseph Brant along with sister Mary Brant played a crucial role by moving communities away from neutrality policies and into an association with the diplomatic decisions of the British. In this regard, the role of few leaders such as Brant along with his sister and participation of few other front-runners from the Native American tribes can be also regarded as major defining aspects in the history of the Native American and the American Revolution2. After being achieved a successful revolution, the

Marketing Communications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Communications - Assignment Example The project makes a study of the external environment. The external environment looks favourable, especially because the world has been gradually moving out of the recession. The most favourable situation is the rapid technological advancement across countries. The use of internet has increased drastically over the years and thus has become the most popular medium of communication by most organisations. Also, there have been an increasing number of teenagers using the internet which makes the internet the most effective medium of marketing communication for brand development (Neuez, 2003, p.4). It is also seen that teenagers are the largest consumers of chocolates. The conventional method of marketing communications in the chocolate industry in UK has been the electronic media. However, the chocolate market in UK looks bright. There is also a high demand for fast food in the nation. One of the close competitors in the field is Cadburys. However, the market share of the company has re cently fallen. â€Å"Data from Nielsen, the market research company, showed Cadbury’s chunk of the chocolate market by value slipped 1.7 per cent to 29.8 per cent last month, the first time that it has fallen below 30 per cent all year† (Boyle, 2009). This situation could be used to the company’s advantage. However, there is one drawback that it would be confronting with. It might confront with a dip in the demand for chocolates as majority of the population greatly suffers from obesity. Application of Theories to Practice Scholars and marketing practitioners have been abandoning the approach of marketing mix and increasingly focussing on the process of relationship marketing and marketing communication strategies. Relationship marketing is defined as the process of establishment, development and maintenance of successful relationship exchanges. The activities involved focuses on decreasing exchange uncertainties and creating customer collaborations and commitme nt by gradually developing and adjusting with the mutual norms and routines (Andersen, 2001, p.168). If the customers can be retained over a number of transactions, both the sellers and the buyers may gain profits resulting from the previous transactions. The aim lies in the attempt to maximise profits as much as possible through the increase in the customer’s lifetime spending instead of generating profits from a single transaction. Thus the process of development of buyer and seller relationship is considered to be the numerous phases in which the trustworthiness of buyers and suppliers are put to test and â€Å"mutual norms governing exchange activities are developed† (Andersen, 2001, p.168). Scholars agree that communication is the fundamental aspect in relationship development. Communication is considered to be the quintessence behind the coordination of behaviour in an organisational setting. The entire inter-organisational distribution channel is held together b y the process of communication. Communication is defined as the way in which a message is transferred to others and also giving it an understandable meaning for everyone. The definition primarily focuses on the way in which communication

New Media & International Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

New Media & International Communication - Essay Example The media influences with sports apparel are created through various forms of communication that are based on commercialization. The types of media are inclusive of more traditional forms of media, such as print ads, newspapers, magazines and TV advertisements. These forms of commercialization are known to carry a specific number of advertisements or highlights that are based on sports apparel. There are also newer forms of advertisements through the dispersal of information on the Internet, specifically which creates a different relationship with potential customers interested in sports apparel. These various forms of communication become the most essential components of media influences as well as the relationships which are created with sports apparel. The main association with each of these is to transform the ideas of sports apparel into one which becomes attractive to those who are interested in sports of various forms.... For example, many of the sports coverage that is available come through television and sponsoring organizations. These include live coverage of specific games that may be more important to a group of individuals. The exposure continues with endorsements and sponsorship of top athletes for commercialization, specifically based on the performance of the games played in the past. These two interlink to news related stories that highlight the sports games and the top players. The news stories, coverage and responses then continue with social media and Internet exposure that highlights and creates responses with what is happening. Each of these build a different type of exposure through the media and interlink where the commercial aspects relate directly to exposure of the games and the fan base that identifies with this (Uhler, Lanter, 2008: p. 52). Communication of Sports Apparel The use of media and communication for sports apparel is unique because of the characteristics it holds and the type of consumers interested in the apparel. The main association is based on forms of advertising that are associated with adventure and living in the extreme. Through a recent study (Puchan, 2005, 171), it was found that sports activities have vastly increased in the last 20 years. This increase in sports is one which is directly related to the media sport and the world of sports that are associated with ideas of sports. Remaining healthy, living for adventure and having extreme associations then creates a different sense of communication. Sports apparel then links to communication that targets individuals interested in specific activities. The forms of media which are used will target these individuals and will communicate this specific message while showing

The Meaning Of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Meaning Of Art - Essay Example The work of art is geared towards filling a gap in the market. For example, those that are unable to afford the expensive diamond can opt to have plastic artistic works. The aesthetic is also very important in motivating an artist; Mary Heilmann, points out to color and aesthetics as the major inspirations to her work. Artists also find it appropriate and derive a lot of inspiration from doing their work in a different way; this is according to Heilmann2. The importance of art was another aspect addressed in the readings. In the reading, why is art important? Both the video as well as the drawing provided much insight on the essence of developing an artistic work. According to Doris Salcedo, art brings history alive and makes generations to have a connection. He described his work of art as a connection between people of different ages since such could easily be forgotten. Art does not only provide the remembrance of the artist but also the events or situations depicted in the artist ic work. In addition, it is apparent from Salcedo that art brings forth aspect that provides a common platform to the society. It is also clear that art plays a role in attempting to address experiences of people3. According to the â€Å"Fantasy† by Jeff Koons, art presents some power that is accompanied some form of moral authority. Some of the moral aspects of artwork include good ethics and encouraging spirituality4. In this regard, art work plays a role of informing the public on best practices and morality. Another Art21 reading under focus is, What makes something a work of art? Over time creativity has created a diversification in the work of art, in the modern context the work of art takes a broad perspective. Some artistic work is supposed to be a creative component that should not always be predictable by the people that view it.

In the UK, ethical businesses are not as successful as less ethical Essay - 2

In the UK, ethical businesses are not as successful as less ethical businesses. Discuss - Essay Example The reason for lesser success among ethical businesses in the market is that there is a lack of awareness among potential customers concerning origins of most products. This ignorance has made it extremely difficult for ethical businesses to not only promote themselves, but also to achieve the sales margins that less ethical businesses achieve (Anand and Rosen, 2008). Furthermore, the most popular brands available for customers tend to be those that are owned by less ethical companies and this situation makes it harder for ethical businesses to compete with them at the same level. Therefore, while most ethical businesses spend much money in advertising their products, less ethical ones, which have been in the market longer, do not need to spend as much since they have established firm customer bases. Further, less ethical businesses take advantage of all favourable market conditions available to ensure that they reduce their costs of production as well as distribution and this is done in such a way that they do not necessarily have to observe ethical values. They take advantage of cheaper labour, greater means of production as well as favourable government policies to ensure that their products are not only cheaper, but also abundant in the market. This is an aspect of current business environment, which many ethical businesses cannot compete with because they are based on achieving ethical observances such as fairer prices for producers as well as fair wages for those who provide labour. In the end, it is difficult for these companies to keep their prices low because they have to recover their costs; a major disadvantage when compared to less ethical companies. In recent years, less ethical businesses have had an edge over ethical businesses based on their having been firmly established in the market for much longer than their counterparts have. This has made it quite difficult for ethical businesses

The Meaning Of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Meaning Of Art - Essay Example The work of art is geared towards filling a gap in the market. For example, those that are unable to afford the expensive diamond can opt to have plastic artistic works. The aesthetic is also very important in motivating an artist; Mary Heilmann, points out to color and aesthetics as the major inspirations to her work. Artists also find it appropriate and derive a lot of inspiration from doing their work in a different way; this is according to Heilmann2. The importance of art was another aspect addressed in the readings. In the reading, why is art important? Both the video as well as the drawing provided much insight on the essence of developing an artistic work. According to Doris Salcedo, art brings history alive and makes generations to have a connection. He described his work of art as a connection between people of different ages since such could easily be forgotten. Art does not only provide the remembrance of the artist but also the events or situations depicted in the artist ic work. In addition, it is apparent from Salcedo that art brings forth aspect that provides a common platform to the society. It is also clear that art plays a role in attempting to address experiences of people3. According to the â€Å"Fantasy† by Jeff Koons, art presents some power that is accompanied some form of moral authority. Some of the moral aspects of artwork include good ethics and encouraging spirituality4. In this regard, art work plays a role of informing the public on best practices and morality. Another Art21 reading under focus is, What makes something a work of art? Over time creativity has created a diversification in the work of art, in the modern context the work of art takes a broad perspective. Some artistic work is supposed to be a creative component that should not always be predictable by the people that view it.

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 18

Research Paper Example Despite such determinations by the report, numerous other conspiracies arose to the fore following the shooting incidence thus portraying the primary effects of widespread speculations and alleged conspiracies about the incidence as portrayed in the discussion below. Doorley Helio, 241 explain that conspiracy theorists will always provide evidence in order to validate their claims. The conspiracy theorists in Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting used numerous evidences availed by preliminary media reports to back their rumors. The official reports as released by both the media and the official government reports released close to a year later revealed that the shooter identified as Adam Lanza acted alone and killed his mother before driving to the school where he killed six teachers and twenty pupils. Among the evidences the numerous conspirators use to support their theories included wrong photos, wrong identity of the shooter, weapons used and incorrect locations of the shoot out among other basic evidences peddled by the preliminary media reports. Apparently, after arriving at the scene of crime numerous local and internal media began delivering different reports. Each media institution strived to deliver its objective sand authoritative cov erage of the incident thus developing and fostering some of the conspiracies that surrounded the shooting incident. Just as was the case with the September 11 terrorist attack, conspiracy theorists gave varied viewpoints on the incidence. People began giving varied accounts and explanations of the incident. Among the conspiracies was the American involvement in the shooting. Such theories alleged that the government carried out the shooting with the view of heightening the discussion on gun control in the country (Stuart 1). Gun control policies are some of the most contentious issues in the United States. The high crime

The Social Aspect of Computing Essay Example for Free

The Social Aspect of Computing Essay How has the online sharing of information, such as film and music, changed western buying habits? Record shops, cinemas, radio stations, video rental stores and even libraries are losing customers to the global trend that is OIS (Online Information Sharing the official MPAA and RIAA term for internet piracy). It once used to be a common sight to see small record shops filled with teens picking their favourite artists new records from the well stacked shelves, paying at the desk, discussing music with others and making new discoveries. It was not uncommon for people to buy or rent VHS tapes or sit at home listening to the radio. Piracy of course was alive here, the market for pirate radio, pirate tapes and pirated videos was enormous, the difference between then and today? Equipment. Nearly every person below 40 has a computer in MEDCs and also has the knowledge to share everything they want from their media collection with others. The most significant difference between the days of pirate radio and the days of worldwide networking is that you no longer need to know how it works to do it; millions of parents mindlessly expose their young kids to P2P networks such as KaZaA and LimeWire which are full of adult content, viruses and include open chat programs which might allow sexual predators access to their children. The first consumer P2P (peer-to-peer) network of note (others such as MC2 , Direct Connect and TinyP2P had existed before but were not widely adopted by the average user) called Napster allowed only for the sharing of music files such as WAVE and .mp3 (leading to MPEG 3 becoming the most popular music format in years to come). This was the most organised piracy or the time among teenagers and young adults through the internet but had problems in terms of the danger that faced the user (being caught) in that the centralized nature of the service meant that the server not only listed the files bring shared by members but all of the files passed through it in an effort to prevent the proliferation of malicious programs. This was extremely bad news for the user as Napster now had the IP address of each and every user, an integral flaw which would come back to bite the company and its user base later on before it could change its process and remove the evidence from its servers. Napster h ad finally made stealing music easy but was considered flawed by many in the IT community who wanted easier methods of sharing software, video and text files and a safer method of sharing music. Audiogalaxy was the first mainstream centralized P2P client that was capable (although not by design) of sharing any kind of file whatsoever, it gained popularity after the downfall of Napster and was the first time that the MPAA took note of file sharing software as connections became more capable of allowing fast download of high quality video. Audiogalaxy only indexed *.mp3 files, the obvious way round this limitation was found quickly: by (for example) naming a *.exe piece of software from tree.exe to tree exe .mp3. This made AG extremely useful for illegal distribution of both legally and illegally purchased data between users with experience in CGI and Batch (CGI parameters had to be edited to share non mp3 files) but was not as popular as eDonkey2000 (another P2P later to become known as eMule) program which did not have the security limitations of previous P2P clients as it was much faster to decentralize and allow open sharing and indexing. Especially in the case of Napster, facilitating thousands of minor crimes led to a series of lawsuits launched by musicians against the company (Metallica, Dr. Dre, Madonna) but received praise from other artists (Radiohead, Dispatch, Editors) for allowing distribution of singles prior to an albums release. Eventually a larger lawsuit was filed against the company which eventually resulted in bankruptcy after a lawsuit (which inadvertently increased the services user numbers) filed by the RIAA resulting in Napster closing down their network and being blocked from selling the company without liquidating assets under Chapter 7 of the US Bankruptcy Act meaning that the company was forced to close. The name was later sold to Swedish pornography company PMG who run it as a paid for service using similar looking software. AudioGalaxy was also sued and shut down as its out of court settlement rendered the service effectively useless and resulted in the services user base abandoning it en ma sse as a result AG too, opened a pay service to distribute music. In efforts to decentralize and avoid federal prosecution, modern networks designed for file sharing are de-centralized, often encrypted and use proxies to disguise IP addresses, for these reasons modern networks make it much less likely for a user to be discovered and served with a court order or other legal reprimand. A de-centralized system does not have a server which holds the files but instead a server that indexes a list of all available files rather than storing them. Most modern p2p systems also use (as mentioned previously) a process of encryption and proxy servers to make them untraceable. The servers often do not ask uploaders and downloaders of content to register accounts as they have previously done, this prevents user name linking: a process that the CIA reportedly used wherein they would search a napster username through a series of websites trying to gain personal data on a pirate in order to find and prosecute them. Another security feature of modern P2P protocols is the streaming swarm structure which works on a rarest first basis, splitting files into multiple parts and downloading these parts (to be reconstructed into a usable file on the leech (downloading) computer) rather than an actual file. As none of these individual parts is usable as the intended finished product on its own Swedish law allows the redistribution under its own piracy laws for this reason, the most prolific pirating groups are based in the country. One such group is the Swedish pirate political party called Piratbyran, the Piratbyran, (whose motto Pirate and Proud has itself caused problems for the group) this organised group has demanded that (along with the Pirates website piratgruppen.org) pirates be treated fairly by the law of the world as they believe they have the right to appraise things and decide if they are worth purchasing before doing so. For this reason, Piratbyran have set up Kopimi, a copywright alternative (said copyme) which declares others right to use your work as they see fit (this being a more extreme version of many other previously concocted alternatives like creative commons which permit a user the right to use works for non commercial reasons of their choice) for anything at all. The group also used Bram Cohens bit torrent protocol and created the worlds largest tracker a website that indexes all of the files available through the protocol which is called ThePirateBay.com (a.k.a. TPB), this site is distributed in over 20 languages and is currently the most popular tracker for the most advanced, secure and efficient protocol that is commercially available at this time. They are however intending to create their own protocol to remove their reliance in Bram Cohen (the creator) who has recently cut distribution deals with Hollywood film studios and is believed to be considering taking the protocol commercial. Governments across the world are certainly taking note, shown in hundreds of adverts which have only proven ineffective thus far. In the USA and the UK the governments have been running multiple adverts against piracy on legally purchased DVD videos and Blu ray / High Definition DVDs which are fairly useless: the advert assumes You wouldnt steal and lists a series of items before telling you piracy is a crime and showing w young girl getting up from her computer where she is downloading a film and walking out of the door. Most people tend to be offended at the fact that, after legally paying for something, they are forced to watch an advert telling them not to steal. This string of adverts alone has caused a series of parody adverts which take off the script of the original You might steal a book and even inspired a film called Steal this movie. Of course there are also positive sides to the increase in stealing and sharing among internet users, the little guy for example is heard far more than the major executive, companies are embracing the freedom culture and popular bands are pre releasing their albums for free to gain fan support. Sharing is even curing cancer! A largely adopted project ([emailprotected]) launched by a US university is folding protein strings over a massive decentralized network in an effort to discover a cancer cure or prevention in lieu of the supercomputer they would normally require. Those passing records about in the early days probably never saw that coming when they connected their first networks! Back in the early 1980s, piracy (albeit not online) was rife amongst office workers and the computer competent, these early criminals would exchange software through floppy disk and share records between each other. As the 90s started and the first networks were being created within offices, the stealing only increased as files could be copied between computer terminals via cable rather than by hand. Now, with the age of the internet: it is estimated that over 300 million of the worlds population routinely steal information and data over the internet with millions more borrowing DVDs and books from each other, whether or not these people are stealing more or less because of the internet is unquestionable, with our ability to access millions and millions of people we are able to share and steal far more than we previously could have done and this only provides incentive to give and take more than we would normally have done in a spirit of world community that is evoked by groups that exist in this sphere such as piratgruppen and the piratbyran. References: [1] English Wikipedia 18:06 18:09February 7th 2008 Pages on: Peer to peer file sharing, torrent, napster, audiogalaxy, warez, piratbyran or piratgruppen all saved complete to maintain coherence throughout the essay [2] Piratgruppen.org, Piratbyran or The Pirate Bay Blog, all saved complete to maintain coherence throughout the essay as of 18:17 18:23 February 7th 2008

Procurement Methods for Design and Construction

Procurement Methods for Design and Construction 1.0 Introduction A client brief has been provided for the development of a new facility in the University of Salford. In this report, a review will be carried out based on the requirements of the client in the brief and critically analyse the potential procurement methods for both the design and construction of the project. Recommendations for the appropriate procurement route and forms of contract supporting by detailed reasons will be suggested in the report. The Client, The University of Salford, is aspiring to become an outstanding University renowned for the quality of its engagement, humanity, global reach and leadership in research, innovation and education. Strategic plan has been developed to achieve the Universitys goal which is to be ranked amongst the very best of UK universities and recognized internationally by 2017. To achieve this objective, the School of the Built Environment is intended to develop a new facility within the university campus. The building is to be a prestigious and high aesthetic facility which will replace an older building in the university. The new proposed building will contain facilities listed as below: State of the art lecture theatres Meeting rooms Extensive classroom and studio facilities Office accommodation Laboratory accommodation Learning Resource Units External works In addition, the Client requires the new facility to be carbon neutral to be in accordance with the University policy. Furthermore, the Client has allocates a budget of  £ 20 million to cover the total development cost of the project. This cost will include construction works, external works, statutory and professional fees. This proposed building must be completed and handover by 1st of August 2012. The completion date is critical as the facility must be ready for the new academic year. In short, the Clients key requirements and objectives of this new build building are listed as follows: New university facility which will realise the Universitys goal to become a high reputable and internationally renowned university. The facility is to be constructed in highest aesthetic and qualitative standards. The budget of the project is  £ 20 million. The construction time is important as the building is needed by 1st of August 2012 at the very latest. To carry out the construction works of this new facility, the Client needs to understand the various procurement methods available for the project. Hence, this report will analyse the key procurement issues for the Client to consider. 2.0 Procurement Assessment Criteria (PAC) Turner (1990) says that ‘the procurement route that is appropriate to the overall balance of objectives and to client priorities for each project should arise from those objectives and priorities. There are several procurement assessment criteria being set as a guide to choose the appropriate method of procurement: Time Complexity Quality Cost Risk Flexibility In this case, three main criteria which are time, cost and quality will be focused and assessed in the following sections for this particular project to find the most suitable procurement route that balance between these three criteria. Figure 2.1: The balance of time, cost and quality 3.0 Traditional Procurement The traditional system, probably the most commonly adopted procurement strategy in UK, sometimes referred as ‘design-bid-build method. This is because the traditional route separates the responsibility for the design of the project from its construction with a ‘tendering period (Cooke Williams, 2009). Initially, the client appoints consultants for design and for cost control and contract administration of the project. After the design is completed, the tender stage starts by using two stage tendering or negotiation to appoint a contractor for the project. The appointed contractor will then enters into a direct contract with the client and responsible to build and deliver the project. The organizational structure of traditional procurement is shown in Figure 3.1. In addition, due to the design must be completed before the tender stage, the cost of construction can be determined with reasonable certainty before the construction commences on site (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi , 2006). Client Consultant Contractor QS, structural engineer Architect Subcontractor Supplier Figure 3.1: Traditional procurement (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) The traditional procurement is commonly used because of its particular advantages. These advantages are listed as follows: The design is complete before tendering ensures price certainty for the client. The design does not substantially change during construction therefore contract variations can be kept to a minimum. The client able to have direct influence and retains control over the design team, thus quality in the design can be assured. Detailed information such as drawings and Bills of Quantities provide a common basis for tendering and evaluation is relatively easy. The procedures are well known and enabling confidence to be assured in parties which involved throughout the process. Variations and contract changes are relatively easy to handle. Firm contractual date for completion. While this procurement route has its advantages, there are also criticisms. The main disadvantages are: The duration of project may be longer than other procurement methods as the strategies is sequential and construction cannot be commenced before the completion of design. A longer duration of project may make the cost of project higher because of the increased period of interim financing charges and interim payment to the contractor and consultants. These may cause the cost of project exceeds the clients budget. All the design risk is carried by the client. The contractor has no input into the design and planning of the project. The sequential nature of this system can result in poor communication between the client and the project team and can be cause of expensive disputes. 3.1 Cost By adapting this method of procurement, the cost is agreed as a lump sum fixed price between the University and the contractor thus provides overall cost certainty for the University before the construction commences on site. Besides, the project cost can be estimated, monitored and controlled by the Clients cost consultant during the whole project period and therefore large cost overruns will not occur which is an important advantage to the Client. In addition, traditional method could provide the Client value of money. As explained before, since the design stage is completed before the construction, the design and cost consultant team of the Client will corporate to ensure the design is value for money. 3.2 Time With this procurement route, as the design is carried out before the tender process, the length of time spent to develop the design and prepare the tender documents by the consultant team can be very long. This process tends to prevent the construction works to be started on site. In fact, traditional procurement is identified as the slowest method of procurement compare to others. Hence, this is a disadvantage for this new university facility project as the date of completion is critical. 3.3 Quality The traditional procurement provides the high degree of certainty that the quality and aesthetic standards will be met (Masterman, 2002). This is because the University can select the most appropriate design team for this project to complete the design before the tender stage. During the design stage, the University has direct control and influence over the design therefore can ensure the high aesthetic and quality standards for the new facility are fulfilled. 4.0 Design and build Procurement Ashworth (2006) defined design and build as ‘a procurement arrangement where one single entity or consortium is contractually responsible to the client for both the design and construction of the project. In other words, under a design and build strategy, a single contractor takes the risk and responsibility for designing and building the project. The client will employ a design team to carry out some preliminary design or scheme design. The client will then appoint a contractor to assume the responsibility for the design as well as the construction process. The contractor needs to develop the scheme design to a detailed design. Figure 4.1 illustrates the relationships between the parties that involved in the project. In this method of procurement, the construction can start before the detailed design is completed, but at the contractors risk (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006). In practice, design and build procurement consist of a range of variable. The two common variants of this type of procurement are client-led design and build and contractor-led design and build. Client Architect or QS advisers Contractor Subcontractor Suppliers Architect and other designers Figure 4.1: Design and build (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) In client-led design and build, also known as develop and construct, a small number of contractors will be invited to tender for the project when the design is virtually completed possibly with full bills of quantities or notional bills. In this procurement route, study of Cooke Williams (2009) indicates that the client is fully involved in the design development and therefore the design risk is taken fully by the client as the contractor has little involvement to the fundamental design. Additionally, the client will be responsible for all design fees from start to ends of the project. There is an alternative to this method which is a popular practice in the construction industry. Once the contract has been awarded, the design team including the clients architect and other members of the design team will be novated to the contractor. In other words, the contractual obligation to complete the detail aspect of design is legally passed over to the contractor. In this way, the client wi ll maintain an interest in the design but the contractor will be responsible to the continuing design fees and the entire design (Cooke Williams, 2009). On the other hand, in contractor-led design and build, the client may provide minimal information in the outline brief to the contractor. Thus, the contractor is fully responsible for the conceptual and detailed design. As a result, the contractor has to produce a building which meets the clients requirement. In this situation, the contractor takes all of the responsibilities, risks and rewards of design. The contractor may provide an in-house design facility or engage independent design teams (Cooke Williams, 2009). It is preferable to appoint a design team coordinator to ensure the flow of information between the design team and the project team. The main advantages of design and build procurement are listed as follows: The client has only to deal with one firm since the contractor provides single-point responsibility for design and construction. Price certainty is obtained before the commencement of construction works provided the clients requirements are adequately specified and changes are not introduced. The total cost of project is usually lesser than other types of procurement systems. The overall project period is reduced because of overlapping activities as construction can be started before the design is completed. Despite its advantages, design and build has many arguments among the practitioners and client of the industry. The drawbacks of this procurement method are: Tender bids are difficult to compare since each design will be different result in different project time and prices. The tender period and negotiation tends to be much longer Changes of client to project scope can be expensive. No guarantee in terms of design and quality because has less control over this aspect. The client may find difficult in preparing an adequate and sufficiently comprehensive brief. 4.1 Cost The design and build approach enables the contractor to be more positive about the final cost to the Client at an earlier stage (Masterman, 2002). The price would be agreed between the Client and the contractor before construction commences on site. Besides, the initial cost and final cost of using this procurement system are usually lower than other procurement approaches. This is mainly because of the reduction in design costs and the integration of design and construction process. However, value for money is difficult to assess in this type of procurement. This is because there is usually limited information available at the tender stage, not to mention there are different methods, designs and services can be offered by the contractor. As a result, the Client may not be able to judge the efficiency of the design. 4.2 Time The specialty of this procurement route is that the contractor is responsible for both design and construction. Therefore, it allows the overlap of design and construction phases thus reduce the overall project period. This would be an advantage for the University because it ensures the construction works of the new facility can be commenced early. According to Masterman (2002), design and build projects have a better record in terms of completion on time. Hence, the University would be able to have the new building ready for new academic year by using this method of procurement. 4.3 Quality This method of procurement would not be a suitable procurement for this high aesthetic and quality standards project. Design and build is belief that most suitable for simple uncomplicated project which the aesthetic and quality of the project is low. The reason for this is that the contractor is responsible to develop the detailed design of the project. In some circumstances, inevitably the contractor will economise the cost of design to boost the profit margins which will caused a negative effect on the project quality. Additionally, in a design and build project, if the Client unable to provide a satisfactory brief, it is possible result in the Clients functional and quality requirements being unsatisfied. 5.0 Management Procurement 5.1 Management Contracting In this procurement strategy, a management contractor is engaged by the client to manage a number of work package subcontractors in return for a fee. Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the management contractor has direct contractual links with all of the subcontractors and carries the responsibility for the construction works without actually carrying out that work. In this method of procurement, the works are let in forms of work package and subcontractors will bids competitively for each work package to obtain the work. The relationship between the parties in management contracting is shown in Figure 5.1.1. Client Consultants Contractor QS, structural engineer Architect Work contractor Figure 5.1.1: Management contracting (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) Management contracting is a ‘fast track strategy says Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006). The work package approach allows the maximum overlap design and construction activities. In more general terms, provided that the work package is completed, the subcontractor may starts works on site before all of the design works are completed. Therefore, the overall project period can be reduced. Due to the nature of this type of procurement, cost certainty cannot be achieved until all packages of work is tendered and let. Hence, strict control of the work package budget is essential for the success of the project (Cooke Williams, 2009). In this strategy, the client reimburses the cost of the work packages to the appointed management contractor who will then pay the subcontractors. So, it is important to appoint the management contractor carefully and ensure that the management fee is appropriate. As the common characteristics of management contracting are previously described, the advantages of this procurement route can now identified: Overlapping of the design and construction processes tends to save time for the overall project thus enables earlier completion to be achieved. The nature of the procurement enables the contractor contribution to design and project planning. Changes can be accommodated provided that packages affected have not been let and there is little or no impact on those already let. Quality of the project can be assured as the design can be developed in stages and site supervisor can be appointed to ensure the quality standard is achieved. On the other hand, there are also weaknesses in this procurement method. The disadvantages are listed as follows: Poor price certainty at the early stage and the potential cost commitment depends on the design team estimates. The total cost of project is usually unknown until the project is well into the construction programme. The client must provide a good quality brief to the design team as the design will not be completed until the client has committed significant resources to the project. The client is responsible for the majority of the project risks. Damages of delay are difficult to pin on one subcontractor. 5.2 Construction Management Under a construction management strategy, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that the client does not allocate risk and responsibility to a single main contractor. The client employs the design team and appoints a construction manager based on a negotiated fee simply to manage, programme and co-ordinate the design and construction activities carried out by the work package contractors. Unlike the management contracting, the each work package contractors have direct contractual link with the client and is paid directly by the client (see Figure 5.2.1). Client QS, structural engineer Architect Construction manager Trade contractor Trade contractor Figure 5.2.1: Construction management (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) The construction manager will provides professional construction expertise without assuming financial risk because there is no contractual link with design team or work package contractors. Hence, by using this procurement route, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the client has to be involved closely in the design and construction phases and take necessary actions based on the recommendations from the construction manager. Therefore, this method of procurement is not suitable for inexperienced client. It is recommended to use this procurement for large and complex project or a high degree of design innovation where the client wants deep involvement. Basically, the construction contracting has the similar advantages and disadvantages with the management contracting. Therefore, they will not discuss more in this section and please refer to the previous section if necessary. 5.3 Cost The uncertainty of price will be seen as a disadvantage for the management procurement system. However, the benefit of this ‘fast track strategy may result in cost savings and offsetting extra construction costs. Therefore, it could reduce the overall expense of the project. Besides, in this procurement, the cost of the project can be minimised by improving buildability and by work package contractors undertake the works at competitive prices. 5.4 Time For projects which need fast design and construction period, this would be the appropriate type of procurement to be used. The overlapping of design and construction phases will allows an early start of construction works on site and therefore saving in time can be achieved. Since the time of completion is an important issue in this project, the Client would be suggested to consider to adopting this procurement methods. 5.5 Quality Under this procurement route, the quality of the completed project can be achieved which fully meet the Clients needs provided that the design team is working closely with the management contractor on all aspect of the project to ensure he is fully aware of the design constraints as well as the Clients requirements. Besides, due to the management contractor is appointed at the early stage, he will be able to contribute his construction expertise to achieving an efficient quality standard for this project. 6.0 Justification of procurement strategy 6.1 Procurement Matrix After considering and evaluating the options of procurement available for the project, the most appropriate procurement system that suitable for the project can be selected. This can be achieved by assessing and setting the priorities of the project objectives in terms of time, quality and cost and the client attitude to risk. A universal procurement selection technique which is a procurement matrix is employed to help to select an appropriate procurement strategy for this particular project. The Universitys key objectives and requirements of this project are taken into account during the assessment. After completing this procurement matrix, the result shows that Management Contracting would be best suited procurement system for this new university facility project. Please see the attachment for the completed procurement matrix for this project. 6.2 Procurement strategy After a critical analysis of the procurement options as discussed above and completing the procurement matrix, the Management Contracting route is highly recommended to be adopted for this new build facility project. The reasons of this suggestion is being made are discussed as below. 6.2.1 Cost strategy In terms of cost issue, the Management Contracting probably is not the most recommended procurement systems compare to Traditional and Design and Build. This is because it is not the greatest at providing price certainty to ensure the budget of  £ 20 million can be met at the beginning of the project. However, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that this does not mean that the Client has less control over the project cost as strict supervision can be exerted over this aspect of the project. Due to that each package of work are being let by competition between contractors, the Client can monitor the cost closely and if necessary, adjust later work packages in order to cover any cost overruns in the previous work package. Furthermore, the University has to appoint the Management Contractor so that he can advise and contribute at the design process based on his professional expertise and carry out value engineering works to ensure the project is being built within the budget. 6.2.2 Time strategy The completion on time is a key requirement of this project. The Client has specifically required that the new facility must be completed on 1st August 2012. Under this circumstance, Management Contracting would be appropriate to meet the deadline. Due to the rapid progress of this procurement which provides overlapping of design and construction phases allows early commencement of works on site and therefore results in time saving. Moreover, the key strategy to ensure the project is completed on time is to make sure that all of the information from the design team is continuously issued on time to the Management Contractor and to ensure that the Management Contractor is always being updated. Hence, these could avoid any misunderstandings and delays during the construction works. Besides, the competency and experience of the Management Contractor will also ensure this ‘fast track procurement can be carried out efficiently. A high level of experience Management Contractor who familiar with this type of procurement route must be appointed so that the works on site are well manage and control throughout the whole process. 6.2.3 Quality strategy The Management Contracting would ensure the required high quality and aesthetic standards of this new build project can be successfully met. This is because this type of procurement method allows the Client to appoint and oversee the design team to develop detailed design which fulfills the specific requirements. Furthermore, to ensure the quality and aesthetic standards of this university facility are met, the Client has to make sure that the design team are aware and focus from the beginning of the project to develop the design based on these commitments. Additionally, all of the detailed drawings and specification produced by the design team must go into the contract between the Client and the Management Contractor so that the requirements of the Client are well informed thus can be managed efficiently the works on site to ensure the requirements are met. 7.0 Form of Contract A contract is defined by Cooke Williams (2009) as a means of formalising the relationship between the contracting parties in which the rights and obligations of the parties are agreed and the balance of risk between the parties established. The contracts also establish how administrative procedures and the serving of formal notices are to be conducted and mechanisms for dealing with contract payments, delays, compensation and disputes says Cooke. There are several of contracts produced by different bodies used in the construction industry but by far the JCT (Joint Contracts Tribunal) is the most popular forms of contract in use. Hence, the JCT 2005 Management Building Contract is recommended to be used in this project. The JCT 2005 Management Building Contract comprises (Hackett, Robinson Statham, 2007): Management Building Contract Management Works Contract Tender Agreement Management Works Contract Conditions Management Work Contract / Employer Agreement Under this forms of contract, the management contractor tenders on the basis of a management fee and the works contract are being let by separate packages when the design of those packages are developed (Cooke Williams, 2009). The management contractor is legally bound with these work package contractors under the Management Works Contract. In other words, the management contractor is responsible to manage the work package contractors. Moreover, during the design stages, the contract also requires the management contractor to cooperate with the consultant team such as architect, engineering and quantity surveyor. In addition, all necessary programmes for execution of the project which includes detailed construction programme are required to prepare by the management contractor (Cooke Williams, 2009). Under the contract, the management contractors duties include maintaining and regularly updating the detailed construction programme. 8.0 Conclusion In conclusion, the Management Contracting is the most suitable procurement route for this project. This procurement system allows the Client to design the new university facility according to his requirements and appoints the Management Contractor to manage the construction works on site. Using the Management Contracting, the price certainty can be achieved with close monitor of the cost of each work packages so that the building can be built within the budget of  £ 20 million. Furthermore, the advantage of this ‘fast track procurement method tends to meet the time of completion for this project. Last but not least, since this is a prestigious project, this type of procurement route ensure the high quality and aesthetic standards are met in accordance with the Clients requirements. With these, it is recommended for the University to adopt the Management Contracting as the method of procurement to maximise the success of the project. Procurement Methods for Design and Construction Procurement Methods for Design and Construction 1.0 Introduction A client brief has been provided for the development of a new facility in the University of Salford. In this report, a review will be carried out based on the requirements of the client in the brief and critically analyse the potential procurement methods for both the design and construction of the project. Recommendations for the appropriate procurement route and forms of contract supporting by detailed reasons will be suggested in the report. The Client, The University of Salford, is aspiring to become an outstanding University renowned for the quality of its engagement, humanity, global reach and leadership in research, innovation and education. Strategic plan has been developed to achieve the Universitys goal which is to be ranked amongst the very best of UK universities and recognized internationally by 2017. To achieve this objective, the School of the Built Environment is intended to develop a new facility within the university campus. The building is to be a prestigious and high aesthetic facility which will replace an older building in the university. The new proposed building will contain facilities listed as below: State of the art lecture theatres Meeting rooms Extensive classroom and studio facilities Office accommodation Laboratory accommodation Learning Resource Units External works In addition, the Client requires the new facility to be carbon neutral to be in accordance with the University policy. Furthermore, the Client has allocates a budget of  £ 20 million to cover the total development cost of the project. This cost will include construction works, external works, statutory and professional fees. This proposed building must be completed and handover by 1st of August 2012. The completion date is critical as the facility must be ready for the new academic year. In short, the Clients key requirements and objectives of this new build building are listed as follows: New university facility which will realise the Universitys goal to become a high reputable and internationally renowned university. The facility is to be constructed in highest aesthetic and qualitative standards. The budget of the project is  £ 20 million. The construction time is important as the building is needed by 1st of August 2012 at the very latest. To carry out the construction works of this new facility, the Client needs to understand the various procurement methods available for the project. Hence, this report will analyse the key procurement issues for the Client to consider. 2.0 Procurement Assessment Criteria (PAC) Turner (1990) says that ‘the procurement route that is appropriate to the overall balance of objectives and to client priorities for each project should arise from those objectives and priorities. There are several procurement assessment criteria being set as a guide to choose the appropriate method of procurement: Time Complexity Quality Cost Risk Flexibility In this case, three main criteria which are time, cost and quality will be focused and assessed in the following sections for this particular project to find the most suitable procurement route that balance between these three criteria. Figure 2.1: The balance of time, cost and quality 3.0 Traditional Procurement The traditional system, probably the most commonly adopted procurement strategy in UK, sometimes referred as ‘design-bid-build method. This is because the traditional route separates the responsibility for the design of the project from its construction with a ‘tendering period (Cooke Williams, 2009). Initially, the client appoints consultants for design and for cost control and contract administration of the project. After the design is completed, the tender stage starts by using two stage tendering or negotiation to appoint a contractor for the project. The appointed contractor will then enters into a direct contract with the client and responsible to build and deliver the project. The organizational structure of traditional procurement is shown in Figure 3.1. In addition, due to the design must be completed before the tender stage, the cost of construction can be determined with reasonable certainty before the construction commences on site (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi , 2006). Client Consultant Contractor QS, structural engineer Architect Subcontractor Supplier Figure 3.1: Traditional procurement (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) The traditional procurement is commonly used because of its particular advantages. These advantages are listed as follows: The design is complete before tendering ensures price certainty for the client. The design does not substantially change during construction therefore contract variations can be kept to a minimum. The client able to have direct influence and retains control over the design team, thus quality in the design can be assured. Detailed information such as drawings and Bills of Quantities provide a common basis for tendering and evaluation is relatively easy. The procedures are well known and enabling confidence to be assured in parties which involved throughout the process. Variations and contract changes are relatively easy to handle. Firm contractual date for completion. While this procurement route has its advantages, there are also criticisms. The main disadvantages are: The duration of project may be longer than other procurement methods as the strategies is sequential and construction cannot be commenced before the completion of design. A longer duration of project may make the cost of project higher because of the increased period of interim financing charges and interim payment to the contractor and consultants. These may cause the cost of project exceeds the clients budget. All the design risk is carried by the client. The contractor has no input into the design and planning of the project. The sequential nature of this system can result in poor communication between the client and the project team and can be cause of expensive disputes. 3.1 Cost By adapting this method of procurement, the cost is agreed as a lump sum fixed price between the University and the contractor thus provides overall cost certainty for the University before the construction commences on site. Besides, the project cost can be estimated, monitored and controlled by the Clients cost consultant during the whole project period and therefore large cost overruns will not occur which is an important advantage to the Client. In addition, traditional method could provide the Client value of money. As explained before, since the design stage is completed before the construction, the design and cost consultant team of the Client will corporate to ensure the design is value for money. 3.2 Time With this procurement route, as the design is carried out before the tender process, the length of time spent to develop the design and prepare the tender documents by the consultant team can be very long. This process tends to prevent the construction works to be started on site. In fact, traditional procurement is identified as the slowest method of procurement compare to others. Hence, this is a disadvantage for this new university facility project as the date of completion is critical. 3.3 Quality The traditional procurement provides the high degree of certainty that the quality and aesthetic standards will be met (Masterman, 2002). This is because the University can select the most appropriate design team for this project to complete the design before the tender stage. During the design stage, the University has direct control and influence over the design therefore can ensure the high aesthetic and quality standards for the new facility are fulfilled. 4.0 Design and build Procurement Ashworth (2006) defined design and build as ‘a procurement arrangement where one single entity or consortium is contractually responsible to the client for both the design and construction of the project. In other words, under a design and build strategy, a single contractor takes the risk and responsibility for designing and building the project. The client will employ a design team to carry out some preliminary design or scheme design. The client will then appoint a contractor to assume the responsibility for the design as well as the construction process. The contractor needs to develop the scheme design to a detailed design. Figure 4.1 illustrates the relationships between the parties that involved in the project. In this method of procurement, the construction can start before the detailed design is completed, but at the contractors risk (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006). In practice, design and build procurement consist of a range of variable. The two common variants of this type of procurement are client-led design and build and contractor-led design and build. Client Architect or QS advisers Contractor Subcontractor Suppliers Architect and other designers Figure 4.1: Design and build (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) In client-led design and build, also known as develop and construct, a small number of contractors will be invited to tender for the project when the design is virtually completed possibly with full bills of quantities or notional bills. In this procurement route, study of Cooke Williams (2009) indicates that the client is fully involved in the design development and therefore the design risk is taken fully by the client as the contractor has little involvement to the fundamental design. Additionally, the client will be responsible for all design fees from start to ends of the project. There is an alternative to this method which is a popular practice in the construction industry. Once the contract has been awarded, the design team including the clients architect and other members of the design team will be novated to the contractor. In other words, the contractual obligation to complete the detail aspect of design is legally passed over to the contractor. In this way, the client wi ll maintain an interest in the design but the contractor will be responsible to the continuing design fees and the entire design (Cooke Williams, 2009). On the other hand, in contractor-led design and build, the client may provide minimal information in the outline brief to the contractor. Thus, the contractor is fully responsible for the conceptual and detailed design. As a result, the contractor has to produce a building which meets the clients requirement. In this situation, the contractor takes all of the responsibilities, risks and rewards of design. The contractor may provide an in-house design facility or engage independent design teams (Cooke Williams, 2009). It is preferable to appoint a design team coordinator to ensure the flow of information between the design team and the project team. The main advantages of design and build procurement are listed as follows: The client has only to deal with one firm since the contractor provides single-point responsibility for design and construction. Price certainty is obtained before the commencement of construction works provided the clients requirements are adequately specified and changes are not introduced. The total cost of project is usually lesser than other types of procurement systems. The overall project period is reduced because of overlapping activities as construction can be started before the design is completed. Despite its advantages, design and build has many arguments among the practitioners and client of the industry. The drawbacks of this procurement method are: Tender bids are difficult to compare since each design will be different result in different project time and prices. The tender period and negotiation tends to be much longer Changes of client to project scope can be expensive. No guarantee in terms of design and quality because has less control over this aspect. The client may find difficult in preparing an adequate and sufficiently comprehensive brief. 4.1 Cost The design and build approach enables the contractor to be more positive about the final cost to the Client at an earlier stage (Masterman, 2002). The price would be agreed between the Client and the contractor before construction commences on site. Besides, the initial cost and final cost of using this procurement system are usually lower than other procurement approaches. This is mainly because of the reduction in design costs and the integration of design and construction process. However, value for money is difficult to assess in this type of procurement. This is because there is usually limited information available at the tender stage, not to mention there are different methods, designs and services can be offered by the contractor. As a result, the Client may not be able to judge the efficiency of the design. 4.2 Time The specialty of this procurement route is that the contractor is responsible for both design and construction. Therefore, it allows the overlap of design and construction phases thus reduce the overall project period. This would be an advantage for the University because it ensures the construction works of the new facility can be commenced early. According to Masterman (2002), design and build projects have a better record in terms of completion on time. Hence, the University would be able to have the new building ready for new academic year by using this method of procurement. 4.3 Quality This method of procurement would not be a suitable procurement for this high aesthetic and quality standards project. Design and build is belief that most suitable for simple uncomplicated project which the aesthetic and quality of the project is low. The reason for this is that the contractor is responsible to develop the detailed design of the project. In some circumstances, inevitably the contractor will economise the cost of design to boost the profit margins which will caused a negative effect on the project quality. Additionally, in a design and build project, if the Client unable to provide a satisfactory brief, it is possible result in the Clients functional and quality requirements being unsatisfied. 5.0 Management Procurement 5.1 Management Contracting In this procurement strategy, a management contractor is engaged by the client to manage a number of work package subcontractors in return for a fee. Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the management contractor has direct contractual links with all of the subcontractors and carries the responsibility for the construction works without actually carrying out that work. In this method of procurement, the works are let in forms of work package and subcontractors will bids competitively for each work package to obtain the work. The relationship between the parties in management contracting is shown in Figure 5.1.1. Client Consultants Contractor QS, structural engineer Architect Work contractor Figure 5.1.1: Management contracting (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) Management contracting is a ‘fast track strategy says Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006). The work package approach allows the maximum overlap design and construction activities. In more general terms, provided that the work package is completed, the subcontractor may starts works on site before all of the design works are completed. Therefore, the overall project period can be reduced. Due to the nature of this type of procurement, cost certainty cannot be achieved until all packages of work is tendered and let. Hence, strict control of the work package budget is essential for the success of the project (Cooke Williams, 2009). In this strategy, the client reimburses the cost of the work packages to the appointed management contractor who will then pay the subcontractors. So, it is important to appoint the management contractor carefully and ensure that the management fee is appropriate. As the common characteristics of management contracting are previously described, the advantages of this procurement route can now identified: Overlapping of the design and construction processes tends to save time for the overall project thus enables earlier completion to be achieved. The nature of the procurement enables the contractor contribution to design and project planning. Changes can be accommodated provided that packages affected have not been let and there is little or no impact on those already let. Quality of the project can be assured as the design can be developed in stages and site supervisor can be appointed to ensure the quality standard is achieved. On the other hand, there are also weaknesses in this procurement method. The disadvantages are listed as follows: Poor price certainty at the early stage and the potential cost commitment depends on the design team estimates. The total cost of project is usually unknown until the project is well into the construction programme. The client must provide a good quality brief to the design team as the design will not be completed until the client has committed significant resources to the project. The client is responsible for the majority of the project risks. Damages of delay are difficult to pin on one subcontractor. 5.2 Construction Management Under a construction management strategy, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that the client does not allocate risk and responsibility to a single main contractor. The client employs the design team and appoints a construction manager based on a negotiated fee simply to manage, programme and co-ordinate the design and construction activities carried out by the work package contractors. Unlike the management contracting, the each work package contractors have direct contractual link with the client and is paid directly by the client (see Figure 5.2.1). Client QS, structural engineer Architect Construction manager Trade contractor Trade contractor Figure 5.2.1: Construction management (Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006) The construction manager will provides professional construction expertise without assuming financial risk because there is no contractual link with design team or work package contractors. Hence, by using this procurement route, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) stated that the client has to be involved closely in the design and construction phases and take necessary actions based on the recommendations from the construction manager. Therefore, this method of procurement is not suitable for inexperienced client. It is recommended to use this procurement for large and complex project or a high degree of design innovation where the client wants deep involvement. Basically, the construction contracting has the similar advantages and disadvantages with the management contracting. Therefore, they will not discuss more in this section and please refer to the previous section if necessary. 5.3 Cost The uncertainty of price will be seen as a disadvantage for the management procurement system. However, the benefit of this ‘fast track strategy may result in cost savings and offsetting extra construction costs. Therefore, it could reduce the overall expense of the project. Besides, in this procurement, the cost of the project can be minimised by improving buildability and by work package contractors undertake the works at competitive prices. 5.4 Time For projects which need fast design and construction period, this would be the appropriate type of procurement to be used. The overlapping of design and construction phases will allows an early start of construction works on site and therefore saving in time can be achieved. Since the time of completion is an important issue in this project, the Client would be suggested to consider to adopting this procurement methods. 5.5 Quality Under this procurement route, the quality of the completed project can be achieved which fully meet the Clients needs provided that the design team is working closely with the management contractor on all aspect of the project to ensure he is fully aware of the design constraints as well as the Clients requirements. Besides, due to the management contractor is appointed at the early stage, he will be able to contribute his construction expertise to achieving an efficient quality standard for this project. 6.0 Justification of procurement strategy 6.1 Procurement Matrix After considering and evaluating the options of procurement available for the project, the most appropriate procurement system that suitable for the project can be selected. This can be achieved by assessing and setting the priorities of the project objectives in terms of time, quality and cost and the client attitude to risk. A universal procurement selection technique which is a procurement matrix is employed to help to select an appropriate procurement strategy for this particular project. The Universitys key objectives and requirements of this project are taken into account during the assessment. After completing this procurement matrix, the result shows that Management Contracting would be best suited procurement system for this new university facility project. Please see the attachment for the completed procurement matrix for this project. 6.2 Procurement strategy After a critical analysis of the procurement options as discussed above and completing the procurement matrix, the Management Contracting route is highly recommended to be adopted for this new build facility project. The reasons of this suggestion is being made are discussed as below. 6.2.1 Cost strategy In terms of cost issue, the Management Contracting probably is not the most recommended procurement systems compare to Traditional and Design and Build. This is because it is not the greatest at providing price certainty to ensure the budget of  £ 20 million can be met at the beginning of the project. However, Morledge, Smith Kashiwagi (2006) points out that this does not mean that the Client has less control over the project cost as strict supervision can be exerted over this aspect of the project. Due to that each package of work are being let by competition between contractors, the Client can monitor the cost closely and if necessary, adjust later work packages in order to cover any cost overruns in the previous work package. Furthermore, the University has to appoint the Management Contractor so that he can advise and contribute at the design process based on his professional expertise and carry out value engineering works to ensure the project is being built within the budget. 6.2.2 Time strategy The completion on time is a key requirement of this project. The Client has specifically required that the new facility must be completed on 1st August 2012. Under this circumstance, Management Contracting would be appropriate to meet the deadline. Due to the rapid progress of this procurement which provides overlapping of design and construction phases allows early commencement of works on site and therefore results in time saving. Moreover, the key strategy to ensure the project is completed on time is to make sure that all of the information from the design team is continuously issued on time to the Management Contractor and to ensure that the Management Contractor is always being updated. Hence, these could avoid any misunderstandings and delays during the construction works. Besides, the competency and experience of the Management Contractor will also ensure this ‘fast track procurement can be carried out efficiently. A high level of experience Management Contractor who familiar with this type of procurement route must be appointed so that the works on site are well manage and control throughout the whole process. 6.2.3 Quality strategy The Management Contracting would ensure the required high quality and aesthetic standards of this new build project can be successfully met. This is because this type of procurement method allows the Client to appoint and oversee the design team to develop detailed design which fulfills the specific requirements. Furthermore, to ensure the quality and aesthetic standards of this university facility are met, the Client has to make sure that the design team are aware and focus from the beginning of the project to develop the design based on these commitments. Additionally, all of the detailed drawings and specification produced by the design team must go into the contract between the Client and the Management Contractor so that the requirements of the Client are well informed thus can be managed efficiently the works on site to ensure the requirements are met. 7.0 Form of Contract A contract is defined by Cooke Williams (2009) as a means of formalising the relationship between the contracting parties in which the rights and obligations of the parties are agreed and the balance of risk between the parties established. The contracts also establish how administrative procedures and the serving of formal notices are to be conducted and mechanisms for dealing with contract payments, delays, compensation and disputes says Cooke. There are several of contracts produced by different bodies used in the construction industry but by far the JCT (Joint Contracts Tribunal) is the most popular forms of contract in use. Hence, the JCT 2005 Management Building Contract is recommended to be used in this project. The JCT 2005 Management Building Contract comprises (Hackett, Robinson Statham, 2007): Management Building Contract Management Works Contract Tender Agreement Management Works Contract Conditions Management Work Contract / Employer Agreement Under this forms of contract, the management contractor tenders on the basis of a management fee and the works contract are being let by separate packages when the design of those packages are developed (Cooke Williams, 2009). The management contractor is legally bound with these work package contractors under the Management Works Contract. In other words, the management contractor is responsible to manage the work package contractors. Moreover, during the design stages, the contract also requires the management contractor to cooperate with the consultant team such as architect, engineering and quantity surveyor. In addition, all necessary programmes for execution of the project which includes detailed construction programme are required to prepare by the management contractor (Cooke Williams, 2009). Under the contract, the management contractors duties include maintaining and regularly updating the detailed construction programme. 8.0 Conclusion In conclusion, the Management Contracting is the most suitable procurement route for this project. This procurement system allows the Client to design the new university facility according to his requirements and appoints the Management Contractor to manage the construction works on site. Using the Management Contracting, the price certainty can be achieved with close monitor of the cost of each work packages so that the building can be built within the budget of  £ 20 million. Furthermore, the advantage of this ‘fast track procurement method tends to meet the time of completion for this project. Last but not least, since this is a prestigious project, this type of procurement route ensure the high quality and aesthetic standards are met in accordance with the Clients requirements. With these, it is recommended for the University to adopt the Management Contracting as the method of procurement to maximise the success of the project.