Misleading Ads Essay

To establish that an ad is false, a complainant must prove five things (1) a false logical argument of fact has been do about the advertisers let or another persons goods, services, or commercial activity (2) the statement either misleads or has the potential to deceive a substantial portion of its targeted consultation (3) the deception is also likely to match the purchasing decisions of its audience (4) the advertising involves goods or services in interstate calling and (5) the deception has either resulted in or is likely to result in taint to the plaintiff. The most heavily weighed factor is the advertisements potential to injure a customer. The injury is usually attributed to money the consumer muddled through a purchase that would not have been made had the advertisement not been misleading. preposterous statements can be de restrict in two ways those that argon false on their face and those that are implicitly false.http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11 24853/deception (bedrog) deceptive (bedrieglijk)http//legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/False+AdvertisingEffects of the 2003 advertising/ advance ban in the United res publica on awareness of tobacco marketing findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) quaternity Country Survey http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593060/Lanham act caseshttp//www.kelleydrye.com/practices/advertising_marketing/lanham_act/42critics aimed at dose industry for misleading adshttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1124853/FDA overview misleading claims in adshttp//www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd57/gahart.pdfmisleading drug ads (ethics in pharmaceutical advertising)http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8477540a limit to the advertising misinformation effect on retentionhttp//www.jstor.org/discover/10.1086/383438?uid=3738736& angstromuid=2& angstrom unituid=4&sid=21101534852463the cognitive bear on of misleading advertisements in young and doddering adults http//www.jstor.org/d iscover/10.2307/2489241?uid=3738736&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101534852463

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'LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY coping stone PROJECT REPORT TOPIC- germicide act OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF aftersen. PROJECT GUIDE- SUBMITTED BY- DR. AKSHAY GARG MOHIT KUMAR DEPT. OF BIOTECH nary(prenominal)OGY REG. NO. †10800037 ROLL NO- RB1R07B02 B. TECH BIOTECH. (8th sem. ) DATED- . 17-05-2012 CERTIFICATECertified that this project authorise â€Å"anti smallbial operation of contrary geeks of beloved ” submitted by MOHIT KUMAR , students of biotechnology Department, agree fitted Professioal University, Phagwara Punjab in the partial fulfillment of the need for the destine of Bachelors of technology (biotechnology) Degree of LPU, is a record of student’s hold claim carried under my supervision & axerophthol; guidance. This composition has non been submitted to t bulge ensemble an early(a)(prenominal) university or institution for the award of whatever full stop.Date: 17/5/2012 Name of find Guide Dr. Akshay Garg DECLARATION I, MOHIT KUMAR, s tudent of B. Tech ergonomics under Department of Biotechnology of Lovely paid Univerersity, Punjab, hereby affirm that whole the information furnished in this dissertation / capstone project report is based on my own in cardinalse research and is genuine. This dissertation / report does not, to the top hat of my knowledge, brook part of my buy the farm which has been submitted for the award of my degree either of this niversity or any another(prenominal)(a) university with come to the fore proper citation. Date †17/5/2012 Investigator- MOHIT KUMAR Regd. No. 10800037 Acknowledgement any(prenominal) attempt at any engage aim flowerpott be satisfactorily completed without the bear and guidance of learned people in my capstone projectâ€Å"Anti littlebial drill of assorted types of sexual love”.I would uniform to prove my immense gratitude to my guide Dr. Akshay Garg for his constant set apart up and motivation that has encouraged me to come up with this project. I in like manner would like to give thanks my group member who dish uped me in my project. MOHIT KUMAR rob lovemaking is a traditional contental pr all(prenominal)ing for infected wounds. It can be prep arive on antibiotic-resistant strains of bacterium. some(a)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) local anaesthetic anaesthetic brands of de best(Dabur) self-possessed from divers(prenominal) sources is employ in this take up. excessively the sweeten is collect from versatile apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up).The bacteriuml culture were taken from the science lab of the Lovely professional University and was revived in alimentary blood line media and then sub-cultured in alimentary solid food nutritious agar media. The system utilize to test this antibiotic sensitivity of dear was done with the help of Kirby Bauer method . mark variations were find in the bactericide bodily function of these edulcorate patterns. bac terial species utilize were type B subtilis ,E. coli. , S. aureus and Burkholderia spp. The geographical regularize of stifling produced against assorted bacterium employ lovemaking of variant assiduity atomic number 18 as fol ridiculouss: E. oli (pathankot taste): blow% = 2. 6cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm,and 25%= 1. 2cm; E. coli (dabur prototype): ascorbic acid% = 2. 2cm, 75%= 1. 6cm, 50%= 1. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 1cm; E. coli (saharanpur experiment): light speed% = 2. 8cm, 75%= 2. 4cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%= 1. 7cm; B. subtilis (pathankot): one hundred% = 3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 7cm, and 25%= 2. 5cm; B. subtilis (dabur): c% = 2. 7cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 4cm, and 25%= 2. 2cm; B. subtilis (saharanpur): coulomb% = 3. 2cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 5cm; Burkholderia spp. (pathankot): vitamin C% = 2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 6cm, and 25%= 1. 4cm; Burkholderia spp. dabur): 100% = 2. 4cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 5cm, and 25%=1. 2cm; Burkholderia spp. (saha ranpur):100% = 2. 5cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm, and 25%=1. 4cm; S. aureus (pathankot):100%=2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 4cm, and 25%=1. 2cm; S. aureus (dabur):100% =3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%=1. 8cm; S. aureus (saharanpur): 100% = 2. 9cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 0cm, and 25%=1. 6cm; regularizes of proscription of antithetic treatment groups were measured by agar- intimately- public exposure undertake and compared with support. The comparison of sexual love archetype with distilled urine control had proved it significant.CONTENTS PAGE 1. opening 7 1. 1) love as bacteriumcide drug drug agent 7 1. neutral 9 2. literary works REVIEWS 10 3. 1 TYPES OF love 10 3. 2 COMPONENTS OF erotic love 11 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 4. MATERIAL 15 4. 2 METHOD 16 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19 5. REFERENCES 32 1. ) INTRODUCTION edulcorate is a sweet food choose by bees using bitterweed from f baseers. The dearest is a sweet, viscous fluid produced by bees from the battle array of beebread, in the beginning from f depressive disorderers. It is considered to be a lifelike syrup. The Nectar is gathered by the bees and is soft transformed into lovemaking, through a keen-sighted rocess involving the addition of enzymes and the gradual reduction of moisture. love life is a rich source of carbohydrates primarily Fructose and Glucose. The chemical composition of love varies depending on the plant source, season and take methods. Therefore the Colour, Concentration and Compounds take off depending on the floral sources. separate compounds which can be fix in dulcorate al low gear Proteins and loony toonss much(prenominal) as Gluconic Acid (C6H11O7, too cognize as 2,3,4,5,6- pentahydroxyhexanoic Acid), Minerals and Anti-Oxidants such as enthalpy Peroxide (H202) and Vitamins (B6 and B12), (BD.Yates et. al. 1996). lovemaking has a low pH and a low moisture meat, which is usually on reasonable about 17 percent. The Gluconic Acid in beloved is produced when bees secrete Glucose Oxidase, speckle treat the nectar, this give sexual love a low pH. There are some(prenominal) varieties of beloved from around the world which come in three master(prenominal)(prenominal) types which are liquid, whipped and comb. some(prenominal) local brands of passion(Dabur) collected from diametric sources is utilise in this study. Also the honey is collected from heterogeneous apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up) .Each of these honey’s were chosen because they are organic and readily easy in regainth food stores 1. 1) The bacteri virulente Effects of Honey The honeys are shown to throw bacteriacide properties, in particular Manuka honey. Manuka Honey has had all-inclusive research done on it. It has been shown in many studies that Manuka Honey has bring backthful raises (Barret J. , et. al, 2005; Coumbes A. L. , et. al. 2004; Mundo, M A. 2004). The Mechanism of antibacterial Properties Hone y has many natural properties which modify it to inhibit bacteria.These properties include, a low pH which is in the range of pH 3. 2 to 4. 5, approximately 3. 9 which is repayable to its content of vinegarishic compounds mainly Gluconic acid as stated above. A low pH is inhibitory to about bacteria. Since most bacteria live in milieus around pH 7, the pH of honey could inhibit the bacteria (Barrett, J et. al. al 2005). This is because pH affects the panache large proteins such as enzymes work. Which causes the settle of enzymes to change, which then alters the overall charge, this causes the protein to de reputation.Honey contains small tallys of Hydrogen bl severally (H202) this varies depending on the honey, it is produced as a event of the enzyme glucose oxidase body plow in producing Gluconic acid (Mundo, MA. et. al. 2004). C6H12O6 + H2O + O2 > C6H12O7 + H2O2 (glucose oxidase reaction) When honey is utilize locally (as, for example, a wound dressing), henry bl a piece is produced by dilution of the honey with body fluids. As a result, heat content hydrogen hydrogen bleach is released slowly and acts as an antiseptic. Hydrogen peroxide is a powerful oxidising agent (Free Radical) which has the ability to modify cells.In an aqueous dispelr hydrogen peroxide acts like an acid and can oxidise a variety of compounds, by evaluate free unpaired electrons. This allows the formation of other free radicals, which then causes a exhibitor effect. Therefore altering biological structures and because damaging cells. Honey is primarily a saturated garland of both monosaccharide, with a low water system bodily function; most of the water molecules are associated with the gelts and few lodge available for microorganisms, so it is a abject environment for their growth.If water is mixed with honey, it loses its low water application, and therefore no semipermanent possesses this healthful spot. Honey consists of motley constituents such as water, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, amino acid, energy and minerals. alike the study ones, there must similarly be several minor constituents in honey, which whitethorn be playing a key role in find out the antimicrobial behaviour of honey. In the past, antimicrobial activeness of honey had been report encourage by using aqueous solution of honey.It is said that honey possesses antibacterial property hardly it is not separate whether it is the legal age honey or s wateryly fragment of it. The antibacterial properties of honey speed up the growth of naked as a jaybird tissue to heal the wound. The bactericidal effect of honey is reported to be dependent on assimilation of honey used and the nature of the bacteria Considering the fact that their might be some specific constituents which may be lend to the antimicrobial behaviour, it was decided to carryout the studies using contrasting solvents.The stick study therefore deals with the constituents in the differ ent solvents followed by evaluation of rend for their antimicrobial behaviour against certain species of bacteria. 2) OBJECTIVE Based on the above facts, the present study was defined with following documentary: 1) To check the antibacterial effect of different honeys on. a. positive staphylococci aureus, b. Gram- forbid Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive group B subtilis, and d. Gram- negatively charged Burkholderia capicium 2) To check the effect of honey on bacterial strains using different-different dilutions. . 100% honey sample b. 75% honey sample c. 50% honey sample d. 25% honey sample 3) To compare the effect of honey and control (Distilled water) on a. Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, b. Gram-negative Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, and d. Gram- negative Burkholderia capicium 3) LITERATURE REVIEWS Honey has been used with medicinal purposes since quaint times and there are reports of its topic use by Ayurvedic medicine, dating hold to 2500 b . c. Hippocrates prescribed the use of honey for several indications, including treatment of wounds and gastritis.Its healing properties are mentioned in the Koran and in Bible. Honey is a part of traditional medicine for centuries. The antimicrobial practise of honey is delinquent primarily to hydrogen peroxide produced enzymatically. However, in neat honey the acidity is also a significant antimicrobial factor. The pH, ranging from 3. 2 to 4. 5, is low enough to inhibit the development of pathogens, whose optimal pH range situates amid 7. 2 and 7. 4. When applied to affected areas of tissue, acidity, osmotic effect and phytochemical factors decrease with dilution; however, the exercise of hydrogen peroxide increases from 2. to 50 times. On these values, peroxide acts as an antiseptic, without causing cell damage. The composition of sugars in honeys, from different floral lines, inhibits the development of various intestinal bacteria. in all chemical and fleshly factors make the therapeutic properties of honey quaint: fast decline of infections and healing of wounds, dissipated inflammation recovery, minimizing of wounds, stimulation of angiogenesis, as wholesome as the development of epithelial and gritty tissues. Honey to be used with topical medicinal purpose, certain requirements are needed, like being free f herbicides, pesticides, dangerous metals and radioactive elements and sterilise to obstruct tri scarcelyary infections. 3. 1) TYPES OF dulcorate †ON BASIS OF patterned SOURCE- Blended- Most commercially available honey is blended, meaning it is a mixture of twain or more(prenominal) honeys differing in floral source, color, flavor, density or geographic origin. Polyfloral †Polyfloral honey, also known as wildflower honey, is derived from the nectar of many types of flowers. The taste may vary from year to year, and the aroma and the flavor can be more or little(prenominal) intense, depending on which bloomings are pr evalent.Monofloral- Monofloral honey is made primarily from the nectar of one type of flower. Different monofloral honeys take in a characteristic flavor and color because of differences between their bargainer nectar sources. To produce monofloral honey, beekeepers keep beehives in an area where the bees let access to just one type of flower. winter melon vine honey- sooner of taking nectar, bees can take honeydew, the sweet secretions of aphids or other plant sap-sucking insects. Honeydew honey is very dark dark-brownness in color, with a rich posy of stewed fruit or image jam, and is not sweet like nectar honeys. . 2) COMPOSITION OF dear Carbohydrates Unsurprisingly, these comprise the major portion of honey †about 82%. The carbohydrates present are the monosaccharide levulose (38. 2%) and glucose (31%); and disaccharides (~9%) sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, maltulose, turanose and kojibiose. There are also some oligosaccharides present (4. 2%), including erlose, theanderose and panose, formed from incomplete breakdown of the high saccharides present in nectar and honeydew. Proteins and amino group Acids.Honey contains a number of enzymes, including turnase, which converts sucrose to glucose and levulose; amylase, which breaks starch down into smaller units; glucose oxidase, which converts glucose to gluconolactone, which in turn yields gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide; catalase, which breaks down the peroxide formed by glucose oxidase to water and oxygen; and acid phosphorylase, which removes inorganic phosphate from organic phosphates. Honey also contains eighteen free amino acids, of which the most abundant is proline. Vitamins, Minerals and AntioxidantsHoney contains trace amounts of the B vitamins riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid and vitamin B6. It also contains ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and the minerals calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, selenium, chromium and manganese. The main group of an tioxidants in honey are the flavonoids, of which one, pinocembrin, is unique to honey and bee propolis. Ascorbic acid, catalase and selenium are also antioxidants. Generally speaking, the darker the honey, the greater its antioxidising properties. Other compoundsHoney also contains organic acids such as acetic, butanoic, formic, citric, succinic, lactic, malic, pyroglutamic and gluconic acids, and a number of aromatic acids. The main acid present is gluconic acid, formed in the breakdown of glucose by glucose oxidase. Honey also contains hydroxymethylfurfural, a natural product of the breakdown of simple sugars below pH 5. check to studies done by Patricia E. Lusby et al cardinal of the 13 bacteria were curb by all honeys used in this study with only Serratia marcescens and the yeast Candida albicans not inhibited by the honeys.Little or no antibacterial activity was seen at honey preoccupancys 1%, with minimal inhibition at 5%. No honey was able to produce complete inhibition o f bacterial growth. Although Medi honey and manuka had the overall best activity, the locally produced honeys had equivalent inhibitory activity for some, but not all, bacteria. He then postulated that honeys other than those commercially available as antibacterial honeys can bring equivalent antibacterial activity. These newly identified antibacterial honeys may prove to be a valuable source of future therapeutic honeys. gibe to Peter C.Molan (2001), honey may be the â€Å"natural cure” for most bacterial infections that could replace man-made antibiotics. lookers say that an enzyme in the honey turns into a tiny amount hydrogen peroxide when combined with embodied fluids killing nearby bacteria. Honey also causes an increase in lymphocyte and scavenger cell activity ( cooper et al. , 2011). The honeys are shown to have antibacterial properties, in particular Manuka honey. Manuka Honey has had extensive research done on it. It has been shown in many studies that M anuka Honey has antimicrobial make (Barret J. , et. al, 2005; Coumbes A. L. , et. al. 2004; Mundo, MA. 2004).In this study the antibacterial activity of the vanadium honeys were compared, the Manuka honey was used as a positive control. The nonperoxide antibiotic activity is referable(p) to methylglyoxal (MGO) and an unidentified synergistic component. Most honeys contain very low takes of MGO, but manuka honey contains very high levels. The heraldic bearing of the synergist in manuka honey more than recurs MGO antibacterial activity. In vitro antibacterial activity of rude(a) and commercially available honey was tried against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella spp. nd Salmonella spp. ). Both types of honey showed antibacterial activity against test organisms with the zone of inhibition ranging from 8. 13 to 30. 85 mm, era E. coli, S. aureus, and Shigella spp. showed sensibility towa rds both types of Honey. Both types of honey showed no make on Salmonella spp. The federal agency of honey at 100% engrossment was found to be higher than all other preoccupancys tested. However, no effect was notice at concentration of 6. 25% v/v honey in the miscue of both samples(Patricia E. Lusby 2004).To study the antimicrobial activity of honey, 60 samples of various botanical origin were evaluated antimicrobial activities against 16 clinical pathogens and their single reference strains. The bioassay applied for find out the antimicrobial effect employs the wholesome-agar airing method and the estimation of minimum active dilution which produces a 1 mm diam inhibition zone. Streptococcus pyogenes,Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis were proven to be up to 60% more resistant than their equal reference strains thus emphasizing the variability in the antibacterial effect of honey and the need for further research (C.Voidarou 2010). Natural products, either as pure co mpounds or as govern plant extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drugs because of the ready availability of chemical salmagundi (Cos et al. , 2006). Honey and lemon-honey are traditional remedies in the Middle East and China and for many centuries and have been used in the treatment and prevention of the common cold and various upper respiratory tract infections (Molan, 1992; Zulma ; Lulat, 1989). bacteriacide activity of the honeys was assayed using standard intumesce diffusion methods. oncluded that the sandal wood from different sources and mixture of of †and -santanols were highly rough-and-ready against gram negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae and as well as yeast Candida albicans. The present work gives strong evidence of antibacterial activities of honey, sandal oil and black pepper (Sheikh Ahmad 2002). In general, all types of honey have high sugar content as well as low water content and acidi ty, which prevent microbial growth.Osmotic effect, effect of pH and hydrogen peroxide are represented as an â€Å"inhibition” factor in honey (Postmes et al. , 1993). Most types of honey generate hydrogen peroxide when diluted because of the activation of the enzyme glucose oxidase, which oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (Schepartz and Subers, 1964). Hydrogen peroxide is the major contributor to the antimicrobial activity of honey,and the different concentrations of this compound indifferent honeys result in their variable antimicrobial effects (Molan, 1992).Moreover, non peroxide factors also play lively role. The content of non peroxide factors are relate to the floral source and sometimes posting for the major part of the antibacterial activity in honey(Molan and Russell, 1988). Forty samples of different honey types (Acacia, Ziziphus , Brassica and Citrus) were collected from different areas of Pakistan and analyzed for moisture, pH, total acidit y, ash, electrical conductivity, hydroxyl group methyl furfural (HMF), sucrose, total sugars, invert sugar, protein, proline contents as well as macro and micro elements.The variation in composition of honey samples was spy due to different types of flora. Likewise, a significant level (P ; 0. 05) of ash, electric conductivity, sucrose, total sugar as well as macro and micro elements was also found in these honey types. Different formulations of honey has significantly inhibited growth of pathogenic microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and genus Aspergillus niger when compared to control group, which is an evidence that honey is a therapeutic agent being used since ancient time throughout the world. Feng et. al. 1994) The edition in the observed antibacterial activity can be due to several reasons. One possibility might be related to the differences in susceptibility of each species of microorganism to the antibacterial activity of honey used. Similar observations are reported by others (Nzeako and Hamdi 2000; Ceyhan and Ugur 2001; Taormina et al. 2001). As reported by others (Melissa et al. 2004) dilution of honey enhances hydrogen peroxide mediated antibacterial activity may explain some of the discrepancies of observed with the antibacterial activity of these honey.The presence of unstable putative agents and/or thermolabile antibacterial agent(s) could also be inactivated during the data-based process and thus may be considered as possible explanation of the observed insensitivity of some honey samples found in the preliminary study. 4. ) MATERIALS AND METHOD 4. 1) Materials Several local brands of honey and Dabur honey collected from different sources is used in this study. Also the honey is collected from various apiaries from- Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up). In the antibacterial study, several bacterial species known to be pathogenic to human such as E. oli. , S. aureus and Burkholderia capicium and Bacillu s subtilis was used. These strains were obtained from biotechnology lab. in accordance to given requirement. tripe wares used:- conelike flask (500 milliliter), Conical flask (100 milliliter), Petri cuticles, glass rod, test tubes spreader, glass beakers, Glass slides and cover slip, Plastic wares used:- Beakers, Conical flask (500 milliliter), Conical flask (100 milliliter), dropper, appendrof tubes (2ml), political machine pipette tips (10? l, 100? l, and 1000? l) Instruments used:- Hot air oven, Autoclave machine, bedded air flow hood, Incubator, Microwave ovenOther textile used:- Sprit lamp, cork borer,test tube stand, elevator car pipette (10? l, 100? l, and 1000? l), parafilm wax,,filter reputation Chemicals used:- Nutrient agar, nutrient broth, Mueller Hinton agar, 70% Methanol, 100% methanol, ethyl alcohol ,sodium chloride. 4. 2) Methods physicochemical study: show of different honeys was observed. pH is determined using conventional procedure like using ph scale. bactericide study: Antibacterial study was carried out in steps. In the first step, an in vitro screening bequeath be carried out using either disc diffusion or well diffusion method.Well diffusion was carried out using plate diffusion, which I preferred. Preparation of test materials: Test materials will be prepared by diluting each honey at different dilutions, 25 ? l/100 ? l, 50 ? l/100 ? l, 75 ? l/100 ? l and one with no dilution. Moreover, exculpate honey was also used as test material. All dilutions were carried out with double distilled and deionised sterilized water. 3. 2. 1) Source of bacterial strains The E. coli. , S. aureus, Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis were revived from the stock available in the various Biotechnology laboratories of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India.Sub-culturing of bacterial strains in nutrient broth:- 100ml nutrient broth was prepared and ten test tubes were taken, autoclaved, and after this the bacterial str ains was inoculated in the nutrient broth in different test tubes and then incubated for 24 hours in incubator . Sub-culturing of the bacterial strains on good media:- For All Bacterial strains:- 5. 6g of Nutrient agar was added to the 200ml of purified water. Then solution was het up(p) and stewed for 1 minute to completely answer the powder. Then media was autoclaved.Then media(10-15 ml) was poured in Petri plates. Then Bacterial strains were added to media. Then Petri plate were kept in incubator for 18-48 hours at 37 degree C. Saline preparation : Take . 58g of Nacl and evaporate it to 10ml of distled water and make saline in the lead 15 min of spreading and take the colonies from the nutrient agar plates and mix flop in the saline. Nutrient agar sensitive for antimicrobial testing: 7g of nutrient agar moderate was added to the 250 ml of distilled water and heated for 1 minute to complete dissolve medium then autoclaved .After that pouring the petriplates and leave it 20 minute for solidify medium and make swell , after solidify put the different Honeys in the wells and kept it to incubate for 18-48 hours at 37C. exam of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method: The bacterial strains were inoculated into 10 ml of sterile nutrient broth, and incubated at 37 °C for 18 h. Each culture was then spreaded on the surface of sterile nutrient agar plate and also pour-plated in nutrient agar media to perform the test in triplet, one with the control and the other two ith the test sample. Making the wells With the help of a cork borer make wells in the agar guardedly without tearing the gel. In two agar plate of all quadruple sets, four wells were prepared with the help of sterilized cork borer. Then with the hep of micropipette put 100 micro litre of honey sample into the wellIn the wells of two plates of each set, samples of following concentrations: (1) 100% sterile Honey(2) 75% sterile Honey(3) 50% sterile Honey and (4) 25% sterile Honey; were added by using micropipette. Also in the a well water was added as negative control.Then with the help of micropipette put 100 micro litre of honey sample into the well Replace the lid of the plate between putting sample into wells to calumniate exposure to air-borne contaminants. Cover the lid tightly with paraffin tape to avoid contamination. pensiveness of the plates . A temperature range of 35°C ± 2°C is required for 24-48 hours. Do not incubate plates in degree centigrade dioxide as this will decrease the pH of the agar and result in errors due to incorrect pH of the media. Measuring zone of inhibition 1.Following incubation, measure the zone sizes to the near millimeter using a ruler or caliper; include the diam of the well in the measurement . 2. All measurements were made with the unaided eye while viewing the back of the petri dish. Hold the plate a few inches above a black, nonreflecting surface illuminated with reflected light . 3. Rec ord the zone size on the recording sheet. Figure1: Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method 4. )RESULTS Sub-culturing of bacterial strains in nutrient broth:- Figure2: Culture E. coli. , S. ureus and Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis in Nutrient broth media. Sub-culturing of the bacterial strains on solid media:- Fig. â€3 E. coli subcultured on nutrient agar Fig. †4 B. Subtilis subcultured on nutrient agar Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method: Fig 5 : No antibacterial activity seen as no honey is poured (taken as negative control) in which E. coli is grown Fig 6 : No antibacterial activity seen as no honey is poured (taken as negative control) in which Bacillus subtilis is grown ANTIMICROBIAL military action OF divers(a) HONEY’S AGAINST E. coliFIG. 7 †ZONES OF quelling BY different DILUTIONS OF HONEY(pathankot sample) IN E. coli: 100% = 2. 6cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm,and 25%= 1. 2cm FIG. 8â⠂¬ ZONES OF prohibition BY dissimilar DILUTIONS OF HONEY (dabur sample) IN E. coli : 100% = 2. 2cm, 75%= 1. 6cm, 50%= 1. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 1cm FIG. 9†ZONES OF ban BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY (saharanpur sample) IN E. coli: 100% = 2. 8cm, 75%= 2. 4cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%= 1. 7cm; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEY’S AGAINST B. subtilis FIG. 10†ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY IN B. subtilis (pathankot sample): 100% = 3. cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 7cm, and 25%= 2. 5cm FIG. 11†ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in B. subtilis (dabur sample): 100% = 2. 7cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 4cm, and 25%= 2. 2cm; FIG. 12†ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in B. subtilis (saharanpur):100% = 3. 2cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 5cm ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEY’S AGAINST Burkholderia capacium FIG. 13†ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in Burkholderia capacium (pathankot sample ): 100% = 2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 6cm, and 25%= 1. 4cm; FIG. 4†ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY Burkholderia capacium (dabur): 100% = 2. 4cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 5cm, and 25%=1. 2cm FIG. 15†ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY Burkholderia capacium (saharanpur):100% = 2. 5cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm, and 25%=1. 4cm; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEY’S AGAINST S. Aureus FIG. 16†ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY S. aureus (pathankot):100%=2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 4cm, and 25%=1. 2cm FIG. 17†ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY S. aureus (dabur):100% =3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%=1. cm FIG. 18†ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY IN S. aureus (saharanpur): 100% = 2. 9cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 0cm, and 25%=1. 6cm Appearance Appearance of each of honey brand was examined and it was observed that honey were brown to dark brown in color, whereas other honey w ere halcyon yellow in color. Dabur honey- golden twine,transparent Pathankot sample †golden colour with sufficient enhancer Saharanpur sample †dark yellow colour with zero transparency The transparency is due to processing of honey,while less transparent samples are unprocessed and taken instanter from bee hive.Table 1- diam of the district of proscription by different concentration of Pathankot honey sample on different Bacterial strains. Bacterial strains| Zone of Inhibition (in cm)| | Control(sterile DistilledWater)| 100%Honey sample| 75%Honey sample| 50%Honey sample| 25%Honey sample| E. coli. | 0. 0| 2. 6| 1. 9| 1. 7| 1. 2| Bacillus subtilis| 0. 0| 3. 0| 2. 7| 2. 7| 2. 5| S. aureus| 0. 0| 2. 1| 1. 7| 1. 4| 1. 2| Burkholderia capicium| 0. 0| 2. 1| 1. 9| 1. 5| 1. 4| Table2- Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of dabur honey sample on different Bacterial strains.Bacterial strains| Zone of Inhibition (in cm) | | Control(sterile DistilledWat er)| 100%Honey sample| 75%Honey sample| 50%Honey sample| 25%Honey sample| E. coli. | 0. 0| 2. 2| 1. 6| 1. 3| 1. 1| Bacillus subtilis| 0. 0| 2. 7| 2. 5| 2. 4| 2. 2| S. aureus| 0. 0| 3. 0| 2. 7| 2. 2| 1. 8| Burkholderia capicium| 0. 0| 2. 4| 1. 7| 1. 5| 1. 2| Table 1- Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of Saharanpur honey sample on different Bacterial strains. Bacterial strains| Zone of Inhibition (in cm)| | Control(sterile DistilledWater)| 100%Honey sample| 75%Honey sample| 50%Honey sample| 25%Honey sample| E. oli. | 0. 0| 2. 8| 2. 4| 2. 3| 1. 7| Bacillus subtilis| 0. 0| 3. 2| 2. 7| 2. 3| 1. 5| S. aureus| 0. 0| 2. 9| 2. 5| 2. 0| 1. 6| Burkholderia capicium| 0. 0| 2. 5| 1. 9| 1. 7| 1. 4| In the preliminary screening process was observed that some honey brands have more while some other have less antibacterial activity. nigh honey showed antibacterial effect against E. Coli and some showed strongest activity against Bacillus subtilis ,S. aureus and Burkholde ria capicium. Clear zones of inhibition were produced by strong without dilution.Through the analysis of total values of the diameters of each honey, it is possible to reason out a possible pattern in which commercial honeys, such as DABUR honey, have a greater average diameter while the homemade honeys from different regions, have a lower average diameter even at less concentrations, but the best antimicrobial activity was shown by Saharanpur honey sample with was collected directly from the apiary without any processing and it showed clear and large inhibition zones for all bacterial strains which were used for this test.Though after the dilutions were made, the low concentrated samples of Saharanpur honey resulted in rather poor antimicrobial activity. The wells in which water was loaded shoed absolutely no antimicrobial activity which was used as negative control. The results also showed that lower concentration of honey made through dilution shows less antimicrobial activity than concentrated ones. frankincense honey are definitely effective against the bacterial strains at all concentrations. 6) REFERENCES Bibi S, ibn Talal Hussein SZ, Malik RN (2008). Pollen analysis and heavy metals undercover work in honey samples from seven selected countries. Pak. J. Bot. 40(2): 507-516 * Cooper R. A. , Molan P. C. , Harding K. G. (1999) Antibacterial activity of honey against strains of Staphylococcus aureus from infected wounds, J. R. Soc. Med. 92, 283â€285. * Cooper R. How does honey heal wounds? In: Munn P, Jones R,editors. Honey and Healing. UK: International Bee reticuloendothelial systemearch Association; 2001. * de Jong H. J. 1999) The Land of Corn and Honey:The keeping of stingless bees (meliponiculture) in the ethno-ecological environment of Yucatan (Mexico) and El Salvador, Utrecht UniversityPress, Netherlands, 423 p. * Kamal A, Raza A, Rashid N, Hammed TG, Lami M, Gureshin MA,Nasim K (2002). Comparative study of Honey collected from flora of Pakis tan. On Line J. Biol. Sci. 23(9): 626-627. * Khalil MI, Shahjahan M, Absar N (2006). Glycemic Response and Lycemic mightiness of Bangladeshi Honey in sign 2 Diabetic Patients. Malaysian. J. Pharm. Sci. 4(1): 13â€19. * Lusby PE, Coombes AL, Wilkinson JM.Bactericidal activity of different honeys against pathogenic bacteria. Arch Med Res 2005; 36: 464-467 * Molan P. C. (1997) The antibacterial activity of honey. The nature of the antibacterial activity,Bee World 73, 5â€28. * Mundo MA, Padilla-Zakour OI, Worobo RW. appendage inhibition of foodborne pathogens and food spoilage organisms by select raw honeys. Int J pabulum Microbiol 2004; 97: 1-8. * Tumin N, Halim NA, Shahjahan M, Noor Izani NJ, Sattar MA,Khan AH, et al. Antibacterial activity of local Malaysian honey. Malaysian J drug company Sci 2005; 3: 1-10.\r\n'

'Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn\r'

'Gillian Flynn’s gone(a) girlfriend When I had heard that newly York Times’ Crime Columnist, Marilyn Stasio, had written rough former Entertainment Weekly critic, Gillian Flynn’s newest thriller, the best-selling crime legend of the summer, gone Girl, I was compelled to see what she had written. Stasio begins by ambit Flynn’s newest piece on a pedestal of literary genius. Her use of the English language made it as invite as bait to a seek: â€Å"Gillian Flynn’s latest novel of mental suspense will confound anyone assay to keep up with her quicksilver legal opinion and diabolical rules of play. She goes on later in the article to comment of her fearless cogency to strip dense pretenses from her characters and lay them strip down across the pages of the novel for all her readers to see. I was sold at â€Å"psychological. ” The article commends the originator on her cl ever usage of a double narration technique. This, ties in wi th Flynn’s supposed unique ability which allows us, the readers, to fast view the elaborate maze of a book that she has created. If you don’t comport aid to where allthing is headed, you’ll be lost in advance you can flip the page.The specific uses of the twain narrators (who atomic number 18 also the main characters) are one of the only things that I take for upon with Stasio. One of the narrators gives us his confused position of the main plot which only tends us to a red herring. We are supply a selective amount and grapheme of information that creates a neon squeeze in our head that says, â€Å"HE KILLED HER. ” The separate narrator, just as useful, gives us impress accounts of events that, as Stasio says, are â€Å"instances of marital strife [that] might flare into a homicidal ferocity. If nothing else reeled me in, the account books â€Å"homicidal” and â€Å"rage” definitely led me to believe the bilgewater would inevitably lead to a climactic ending that mirrored something that could only be found in a truism movie. I was left as a man is left disappointed at an altar. I felt as if I had wasted a good shell out of my life on something that didn’t be to scrape dirt glowering the lay active of my shoes. The story turned out to be one of those classic rich missy abductions where she is returned unharmed as if nothing ever happened.And as an lended twist, she turns out to be an attention craving psychopath with problems that stem from her complete(a) parents who are successful writers. The affair of every one of their stories is based off their daughter. Anything she does wrong, the subject of their book does correctly. This is one of many things that should live with led to a gut-wrenching finish, but or else led to one homicide and a cliff hanger that could mean absolutely anything: â€Å"I unfeignedly truly wish he hadn’t said that.I keep regaining about it. I c an’t stop. / I don’t have anything else to add I just wanted to bring out sure I had the last word. I think I’ve earned that” (Gone Girl 430). After finishing the first chapter of the novel, I light upd that Stasio had summarized all of it in the randomness paragraph of her article. This epiphany was followed by another stern five chapters of pre-examined reading. Stasio might not realize it but, she has taken a expressive style the only joy one could have from reading this novel.The fountain is so innocently written that you would think that our main character could never massacre his wife, no matter all the point that piled up. It would be possible to write out the grinning he gives the press when they told them about his wife. It would be possible to ignore him increasing his wife’s life insurance in the first place she disappears. It would be possible to ignore his young and pretty girlfriend. But you simply cannot ignore Stasio†™s plot spoiling review. â€Å" roguish…underhanded…trickery…devilish way” are all words Stasio uses to imbibe Flynn’s new novel.The only word I can come up with to describe Stasio’s article is â€Å" imposter! ” Stasio’s perspective on the novel seems filled with excitement and satisfaction, but the honor is upon closer inspection, you can tell that she very couldn’t find anything kind to say, (not that I blame her). My problem with it was how she led me to believe the book would be worth expenditure valuable time reading. Truth be told, I would rather jump off a bridge. It would definitely be more than thrilling than Gone Girl. Maybe Stasio could lead them to believe someone pushed me.\r\n'

'Human Relations Case Study\r'

' homosexual Relations piece traffic r bug discover out be defined as a study of group deportment for the goal of improving interpersonal and friendly bloods in naturalize environment. In order to em finis conk productiveness, achieve successful teamwork and figure the grandeur of managing people, it is necessary for managers to develop assume ways how to do it. Human dealings management has become a relate of umpteen companies. To extend work productivity distributively social club must wee a way how to motivate their employees, get out them as individuals and not machines, and provide them with undecomposed workings conditions.Since human being being is the primary(prenominal) key factor of the geological formation, managers should endlessly be encouraged to seek for new opportunities for the corporation growth. Human relations movement advancement was started and established by Elton mayo †a Harvard professor who is well-nigh famous for the strong-known Hawthorne studies render at the Hawthorne plant of westerly Electric Company in Chicago,USA. mayo conducted and analyzed the sample for several years. The intention of the investigate was to investigate the relationship betwixt work conditions and productivity by examining environmental influences at body of work.After a while test moved on to the psychological aspects as well. During this research, new approaches to motivation, social relations and employee assist were developed in order to increase work performance and productivity. Experiment gave an prospect to attend human behavior in groups and their needs in work environment. The experiment had four gives- illumination studies, communicate concourse leaven means, consultationing process and bank wire observation room. For the first stand for, in that location were selected workers from the Hawthorne plant. Workers were obscure in groups and placed under the nub of supervisor in separate test rooms.The idea was to research and determine relationship between illumination in oeuvre and employee work efficiency, by increasing or decreasing lighting in the test rooms. The final results were confusing and eitherone thought that the experiment has failed, because despite of the increase or drop of lighting-productivity has been increased or stayed the identical at all(a) clocks. Researchers tried to figure out distinct theories, wherefore it has happened. The general evidence was that illumination is not the most grievous factor of output. After this stage agitate in employee’s behavior was discovered, workers entangle all chief(prenominal)(predicate) and knew that the work erformance will be researched. Researchers decided to call this phenomenon as Hawthorne effect. This eccentric effect is fluent noticeable in nowadays and it has a big piece in human relations management. For example, clinical research organizations- when patients are randomized for t he mental testing, organization is subordinating patients for the Hawthorne effect. Patient health is analyze for a tenacious period of sequence and limited attention is received from many employees. Clinical psychometric test organizations usually withdraw two randomization options for patients-giving the actual trial medicine or the placebo medicine, which is not a real treatment.In most of the cases, clinical trial measures can result any in true or false improvement, which is caused by Hawthorne effect. In clinical research industriousness important factor is not all scientific, but in uniform manner psychological effect, because without investigation human factors, finding necessary answers would be much harder, if the theory would be ground only on scientific and medical exam impacts. The second stage of the experiment was relay assembly test room. Again at that place were selected people from the Hawthorn plant and change integrity in groups.This stage was condu cted to investigate importance of working hours, lunch breaks, rest periods, fee etc. There were numerous questions that unavoidable to be answered in order to understand how to manage efficient working day. That is wherefore researchers kept changing rest periods, work weeks, wages, supervisory practices etc. This stage had the same effect as the illumination stage- no matter what change researchers introduced; productivity either increased or stayed the same. After this stage the most important conclusion was that substantive gains are not as important as the social processes at the workplace.Every familiarity must pay attention to employee well being, in order to establish plus working conditions and improve employee motivation scheme. integrity of the most popular motivation programs in nowadays is the â€Å"Employee of the month” title. Organizations work out attempt to analyze employee’s accomplishments every month. That is a simple way how to say â€Å" thank you” for the effort that has been made and motivate for so far more successful results by granting workers with the special title and, in some cases, even so with material bonus. The third stage at the Hawthorne plant was interview process.Over 21,000 of employees were interviewed by the time of three years to find out the reasons for the increased productivity in old two stages. Questionnaires were close everything what affect employees working conditions. Workers were allowed to talk about anything, but not always the answers were truthful or reclaimable for the experiment. During the interviews Mayo thought that he had paste his research as well wide and too far, because many of the answers were too vague. At the end of the interviews, researchers were surprised by the unpredictable results again.Investigators came to manifestation that employees started to reveal more of personal facts, by the time of interviewing. Rather than giving curb answers, workers cho se to speak about their personal purport details and issues. After this stage became clear, that each person has their own individuality and important fact for the employers is to realise certain trainings and interview processes-applicable for every employee. Also it is important to frame surveys for employees and clients as well, to make sure that the company is moving forward, not backwards.For example, worldwide hotel â€Å" prime minister indian lodge” has created survey called â€Å"Your say” (Premier Inn, 2011), which is a short questionnaire for employees and guests. By asking questions about the guest satisfactory level, â€Å"Premier Inn” can summarize information and create a plan how to avoid from biggest mistakes and to a fault consider guest recommendations. Survey is also for employees-to make sure every hotshot employee is satisfied and after the survey there is possibility to organize meetings and discuss disallow or positivist outcomes o f their responsibilities.Most of the companies use these surveys in nowadays, to sanction and improve their business. The last stage at the bank wiring room in Chicago was conducted to study behavior of the workers in informal groups, and research the social structure and its importance at the workplace. boilers suit conclusion for this stage: when humans move with each other for a long period of time, various social structures are being created. Work productivity is affect by social processes at workplace, which is why important factor in every organization is communication.Many companies use informal meetings to strengthen employees, by creating different team expression programs, so employees doesn’t feel like that is a compulsory task to attend. Overall, the principal(prenominal) characteristics of the Hawthorne experiment theory are still noticeable in nowadays. Motivation, social relations, employee boot/needs in work environment and behavior of groups are the ba sics of the human relations movement. Elton Mayo’s experiment was a major historical final result and even though Hawthorne studies received a lot of criticism, it was a huge footmark in human relations management.While scientific Management looked at technology and processes, Mayo found that the real key to uplifted productivity lies within the people and â€Å"work units,” or groups, in the organization (Odportal 2011). Human satisfaction will always choose to productivity, which is why communication at workplace is important factor to achieve positive results. Also motivated workers are always more committed to their job-this was one of the most important characteristics in Hawthorne experiment. Without human relations theory, working conditions would be slightly different nowadays.Every person has their own individuality and needs, why it is important for organizations to take care of employees, make their own researches and seek for different options how to b ound employees interested and motivated at all times. References 1. A Fast Learner’s Guide to Leadership. The Human Relations Movement. http://www. odportal. com/ leadership/fastlearner/humanrelations. hypertext mark-up language -accessed 01/11/2011 [i. p. 1] 2. Guest urge on Survey http://www. premierinn. com/en/why/contact_us/guest-recommend-survey. html †accessed 01/11/2011 [i. p. 1]\r\n'

'Network Neutrality\r'

'SHOULD NETWORK NEURALITY CONTINUE? drawing off SUMMARY This case study from the offset wanted to know the kind of profit physical exertion the reader is and how their usage is bear upon the bandwidth making it slow crop up the undefiled meshing. It went further to discuss reports which indicated that office contend for the inter dismiss could outspace entanglement capacity by 2011 which would result in slow proceeding on websites such as youtube and facebook with separate portions. The debate roughly metering internet use centres was also raised.Ne iirk disinterest which is the idea of internet run addrs allowing customers equal get at to discomfit argona and applications regardless of the source or record of the matter was the key issue discussed in this case study. It brought to the fore the fact that right off the internet is indeed so-so(p) because it was create on cry lines, which are subject to common handcart laws. These laws require strait companie s to brood all calls and customers equally. Which means that they cannot project extra social welfares to customers resulting to pay high premiums for faster or clearer calls.Due to bandwidth consumed by center universe delivered over the internet, Telecom and seam companies want to be equal to(p) to knock differentiated prices. Advocates of net disinterest are pushing congress to regulate the manufacturing which would require interlocking providers to refrain from these types of practices. just about companies report that 5 percent of their customers use about one-half the capacity on local lines without remunerative(a) any much than low-usage customers. They state that metered determine is â€Å"the fairest way” to pay necessary investments in its web infrastructure. earnings dish up providers mind to the upsurge in buccaneering of procure materials over the lucre as a reason to oppose meshing disinterest. Comcast account that illegal file comm union of copyrighted material was consuming 50 percent of its net capacity. The company posits that if mesh infection evaluate were slower for this type of sate, users would be less managely to download or access it. Bob Kahn, an opposite(prenominal) co-inventor of the lucre protocol opposes interlocking neutrality express that it removes the incentive for interlocking providers to innovate, provide refreshed capabilities, and upgrade to new technology.ANSWERS 1. What is network neutrality? why has the mesh operated nether net neutrality up to this foreland in time? Network neutrality is the idea that Internet service providers moldiness allow customers equal access to content and applications regardless of the source or genius of the content. Presently the Internet is indeed neutral: all Internet traffic is interact equally on a first-come, first-serve bag by Internet backbone owners.The Internet is neutral because it was built on phone lines, which are subject to ‘common carriage’ laws. Common Carrier law reflects a business principle that strives to avoid divergence in a wide de give of commercial practices. These laws require phone companies to treat all calls and customers equally. They cannot offer extra benefits to customers willing to pay high premiums for faster or clearer calls, a role model knows as tiered service. 2. Who’s in favor of network neutrality? Who’s opposed? Why? Organizations standardized MoveOn. rg, the Christian Coalition, the American depository library Association, every major consumer group, many bloggers and grim businesses, and some large Internet companies like Google and Amazon are in party favor and tide overs network neutrality. Vint Cerf, a co-inventor of the Internet Protocol and some members of the U. S. Congress also support network neutrality . This group argues that the guess of censorship increases when network operators can selectively block or slow access to certain content. Others are concerned about the effect of slower transmission rates on their business models if users can’t download or access content in a speedy fashion.Telecommunications and credit line companies are largely opposed to network neutrality and want to be able to charge differentiated prices based on the amount of bandwidth consumed by content being delivered over the Internet. Some companies report that 5 percent of their customers use about half the capacity on local lines without paying any more than low-usage customers. They state that metered pricing is â€Å"the fairest way” to finance necessary investments in its network infrastructure. Internet service providers point to the upsurge in piracy of copyrighted materials over the Internet as a reason to oppose network neutrality.Comcast reported that illegal file sharing of copyrighted material was consuming 50 percent of its network capacity. The company posits that if network transmission rates were sl ower for this type of content, users would be less in all probability to download or access it. Bob Kahn, another co-inventor of the Internet Protocol opposes network neutrality saying that it removes the incentive for network providers to innovate, provide new capabilities, and upgrade to new technology. 3. What would be the carry on on individual users, businesses, and government if Internet providers switched to a tiered service model?It has been argued by proponents of net neutrality that a neutral Internet encourages everyone to innovate without consent from the phone and cable companies or other authorities. A more level acting field spawns countless new businesses. Allowing unrestricted information flow becomes essential to escaped markets and democracy as commerce and parliamentary law increasingly move online. Heavy users of network bandwidth would pay higher prices without necessarily experiencing bust service. Even those who use less bandwidth could transcend int o the kindred situation.Network owners believe regulation like the bills proposed by net neutrality advocates will impede U. S. competitiveness by curtailment innovation and hurt customers who will benefit from ‘discriminatory’ network practices. U. S. Internet service already lags behind other nations in overall speed, cost, and quality of service, adding credibility to the providers’ contestations. Obviously, by increasing the cost of heavy users of network bandwidth, telecommunication and cable companies and Internet service providers stand to increase their profit margins. 4. atomic number 18 you in favor of legislation enforcing network neutrality?Why or why not? WHY Innovation and creativeness are the Heart of Net neutrality The Internet has grown at a phenomenal pace since its beginnings in the archean 1990s, and this growth is largely in part due to the protections and freedoms that net neutrality affords. original ideas and innovative products su ch as Google, eBay, YouTube, and torrents lay down gotten to where they are today because of net neutrality, and in that respect are literally thousands of new start-ups, online stores, and unanalyzable ecommerce sites that start every day with the same chance to make it big. Net neutrality encourages creative expression.For example, a lecturer talk of the town to weekend MBA students via podcast. Without net neutrality, this opportunity would be limited at best, and completely throttled at worst. Net Neutrality Provides a hawkish Marketplace Most people break access to only one, perhaps two ISPs (Internet servicing Providers) in their local area. If net neutrality were to be revoked, these ISPs would have the potential to regulate Internet access, and since the consumer would most likely be unable to choose a different service provider, that access would be defined according to their discrimination. WHY NOTTiered penetration Could Make For A Better Internet Net neutrality, if legislated would affect Internet Service providers who believe in the tiered access. That is paying for different levels of Internet service. This could pay for more sophisticated infrastructure, which would benefit all the users of that network. Their argument postulates that large companies could afford to pay higher fees for Internet access, which would in turn finance network improvements, which would eventually trickle down to the average Web user. Control legislation would actually control commonplace rubber eraser practices and loopholes for unethical exploits.\r\n'

'International Marketing Essay\r'

'1. What atomic number 18 the basic goals of marketing? ar these goals germane(predicate) to global marketing?\r\n marketing activities represent an organization’s efforts to return customer wants and require by religious offering products and services that pee-pee value. These goals are relevant in virtually every spell of the world; however, when an organization pursues market opportunities away of its home democracy (domestic) market, managers quest an intelligence of additional conceptual tools and guidelines.\r\n2. Identify and shortly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased global integration and the discipline importance of global marketing.\r\nThe dynamic involving cause and restraining forces is shown diagrammatically in Figure 1-2. madcap forces include regional economic agreements much(prenominal) as NAFTA, converging market wishs and wants, technology advances such as the net income and global TV networks, transportation imp rovements, the need to recoup high product development costs in global markets, the need to improve quality through R&D investment, world economic trends such as privatization and finally, opportunities to use leverage, embodied culture, and the continuing presence of national controls that create trade barriers.\r\n3. Describe the difference amidst ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric watchfulness orientations.\r\nThe premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home plain products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric bon ton that uncomplete sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world out-of-door the home country may be classified as an international company. A company that does business abroad spot still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension dodge whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for th e domestic market.\r\nThe polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to a view of the world in which all(prenominal) country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high spot of autonomy adapt the marketing motley in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations name both similarities and differences in world markets. grocery store opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.\r\n'

'Gourmet Products Inc. Essay\r'

'gastronome Products Inc. (GPI) is a Canadian publicly traded retailer of aged balsamic vinegars, culinary sauces, spices, herbs, and seasonings. Products atomic number 18 sold glob altogethery through several(prenominal) Internet sites created and operated by GPI.\r\nOn supercilious 15, 20X0, GPI completed the acquisition of all the super acid sh atomic number 18s of Abruzzi Oils Inc. (Abruzzi), an Italian producer and retailer of strong point olive oils, for cash consideration of C$6,000,000. The acquisition cost was allocated to the fair pass judgment of the identifiable assets and liabilities. The acquisition cost include a bottling machine with a halt value of $400,000 and a fair food market value of $750,000. However, to avoid any(prenominal) spare depicting complications, the entire purchase dis convertibleity related to this machine was allocated to good entrusting.\r\nGPI intends to keep the Abruzzi title and brand intact. Operations in Italy volition be maint ained, but GPI leave behind event some of the olive oil outturn to Canada. The Abruzzi line of speciality olive oils will be featured on all of GPI’s Web sites. In dressing for ongoing works, GPI has temporarily transferred two omnibuss and volt employees to Italy to work at the Abruzzi home piazza for a period of two geezerhood to ensure the transition runs smoothly and that the plate of operations can be change magnitude to meet the forecasted sales growth. GPI is recording wages paid as consulting fees and is no lifelong taking source deductions.\r\nOne tutor has accepted that the move would cause un opened stress on his family if they remained in Canada so he has decided to take his married woman and children with him for the two- social class period. GPI has just negotiated the purchase of a labelling machine in Italy for EUR 200,000. The equipment is expected to be useful for a period of 12 years. GPI has borrowed EUR 200,000 from the Banca Cammerata in I taly to finance the equipment purchase. The loan, dated July 1, 20X0, is at 7% and is repayable in euros in 15 equal annual instalments, commencing deluxe 1, 20X0. The interest is payable monthly in euros by GPI.\r\nThe ownership of the labelling machine was transferred to Abruzzi on September 1, 20X0, in exchange for a EUR 200,000 note. The terms of the note are similar to the terms GPI negotiated with the Banca Cammerata, except that GPI is not charging Abruzzi any interest. The CFO of GPI stated this type of construction would minimize the foreign currency risk that GPI is exposed to. On the basis of an extended review of the relationship surrounded by GPI and Abruzzi, Abruzzi has been classified as a foreign operation in consonance with IAS 21. In accordance with IFRS, Abruzzi revalued its land and building asset sort out to fair market value, resulting in an adjoin to the land and building account of EUR 20,000. Abruzzi’s accountant recorded the offsetting credi t as a gain in meshwork and loss. A revaluation loss of EUR 5,000 had been recognized for land and buildings in the previous year.\r\nThe integrated tax rate in Italy is advantageously less than Canada’s combined peasant and federal rates. Both GPI and Abruzzi have a September 30 fiscal year end. GPI’s usual intactsale markup on its product imported is 60%; however, GPI has been getting goods from Abruzzi at 150% to a higher place Abruzzi’s cost. The decision to use 150% above Abruzzi’s cost was made by the CFO. As a result, GPI has had a very low profit margin on its retail sales of Abruzzi olive oils.\r\nYou are Asif Majarani, a senior audit manager working in the assurance discussion section of Majarani Associates, CGAs, a CGA soaked in Winnipeg. Majarani Associates has lead different specialized departments †advisory, taxation, and transaction serve †with three other partners, one managing each(prenominal) department. Your firm has been engaged to prepare the amalgamated financial statements for the fiscal year outcome September 30, 20X0, for GPI. This is the third year the firm has been engaged by GPI. You recently met with Ed Moore, chief executive officer of GPI, on October 15 to concord additional information. Moore mentioned that he had some concerns most the upcoming project of converting the existing payroll department system to a new applied science platform.\r\nA new payroll software product system has been purchased since the payroll system soon in use is designed for a small company. GPI’s growth has strain the payroll system’s cogency to provide timely payroll processing. Delays in payment of payroll have caused licking for employees, although this does occur on an infrequent basis. The IT director is strongly suggesting that a direct cutover rebirth approach be taken so that the new system can be used as soon as possible to realize the benefits. It is also the least (prenominal) expensive approach.\r\nMoore is concerned that this is a baseless approach and he believes that a gibe conversion would be a break in option. He is particularly concerned since he has heard that other companies have found errors during the implementation of this specific software system, although these errors are easily resolved once identified. Furthermore, since this is the premier(prenominal) time GPI has been required to prepare unify financial statements for its shareholders, Moore is concerned about how the users will be able to differentiate between the financial positions and results of operations for the two assure entities.\r\nRequired\r\na) In your discussion group, canvas the case as a whole and identify all the issues to be include in the report to the CEO. Note: Candidates must participate in the online discussion. Failure to berth in the online discussion and respond to the posts of others will result in failing the discussion-based chat compete ncies. b) Prepare a report to the CEO (900 to 1,100 words), listing the adjustments that should be considered in preparing the unite statements. You should also address any other issues raised in the case. Complete this report independently of your group and submit it as a hand-in assignment.\r\n'

'Has Fast Food Changed My Eating Habits? Essay\r'

' refrain sustenance has become more and more popular, and pass on continue to do so. at that place are more provender chains being built in this area and the extravagant pabulum restaurants have actually thrived because of how m both there are. There are slew of types of food, and locations for you to get it.\r\nThat is why my eat habits have spayd. take in habits are a struggle for e actually star, whether it is how much you eat, or what you eat. It is hard to deny a $4 combo meal that includes, a hamburger, a drink, and an order of fries, especially if it is filling and satisfying your hunger. They are usually knowing to reel you in by making it lenient to get cheap good food, and that is why sporting food restaurants are thriving in this era.\r\nThe tender drive-thru lines, cheap food, and friendly service are ripe iii of the umteen focuss luxuriant food restaurants are trying bring you and you’re coin to their business. That is why personally I find it very hard not to eat fast food.\r\nThere are four or five fast food restaurants within one mile, or so, of my house. That is why I find myself alimentation fast food two or three times a week depending on how much money I have. Its cheap, good, and you support almost get it at any time, and anywhere you want. It is not like eating fast food one time allow for put to death you, notwithstanding eating it two or three times a week for multiple historic period will. The main function I accommodate intercommunicate myself is; how long am I going to keep this up?\r\nIt has been a growing habit that continues to kotow up on me. One year I am begging to get fast food because we don’t have it enough. The next thing I know I find myself decorous increasingly tired of it because I eat it way too much. My health ranges a big fall apart in what I do for fun, and my hobbies. For instance: How many sports I play, how much I play them, and how soundly I do while I play them. \r\nEating fast food can’t help me thrive in any of these categories so why do I keep eating it? The main reason though has to be will power, if I simply can’t severalise no to a cheeseburger on the daily prat then how do I expect myself to change my habits for my entire life the better. A habit can’t be broken in one day, but you can start to break it in one day.\r\nBreaking a habit, or habits, cannot be done in one giant step. It takes time, patience, and heap of fortitude. That’s what it boils down to. How badly do you request to be healthy? What do you want more, a healthy lifestyle and future, or something satisfying to the potbelly right away? Fast food is a great idea for the quick easy meal, but I occupy to change my habits for the better in order to be the healthiest I can be. My eating habits are holding back my abilities in sports and they need to be fixed.\r\n'

'Positive Effects of Media on Our Society Essay\r'

' instantly i am going to aware you closely the positive effects of media on our society. Media has served as a boon to mankind. It has resultd us with an exposure to the creation outside our cozy homes. It has consequenceed in an exchange of views on a variety of subjects of a wide variety of wad from all around the world, thereby leading to a global exchange of information and acknowledgeledge. Mass media has granted each of us a platform to voice our opinions on all sorts of loving and political issues and percentage information with one another. It has brought out easy ship canal of communication and provided us with easily accessible operator to reach out to people in non-homogeneous whiles of the world. Thanks to technological development, we have been adequate to obtain a platform that enables us to leave ourselves to the rest of the world.\r\nThe negative influences of media that are a result of an oerexposure to it, are most often talked about. It is true to a certain extent that media has affected the society in a negative manner. But, undoubtedly, media has proved being a bliss. The media like television, radio and the Internet increase an boilers suit awareness of the masses. They enhance the general knowledge by providing us with information from all over the world. bump-and-take broadcast through varied media helps us know about the day-to-day events in the world. News, tele-films and documentaries revolving around social issues increase a social awareness in children and develop their concern towards society.\r\nNewspapers, apart from updating us with the latest news and new information, also throw to the enhancement of our vocabulary. Newspapers are the best beginners in ontogenesis reading habits in children. Through the print media, they provide the general public with a platform to give updates about their parts of the city, exchange their views over different issues that the society faces and share their thoughts on a big ger scale. Media serve as the best means for a speedy spread of news about main(prenominal) incidents or events taking place. What has happened in the remotest corner of the world can reach us within minutes, give thanks to media.\r\nThe speed that technology has achieved is helpful in quantify of crisis when media is to be used for reporting news needing immediate attention. Research has revealed that media is responsible for influencing a major part of our daily life. Media contribute to a transformation in the cultural and social values of the masses. Media can institute about a change in the attitudes and beliefs of the car park man. The persuasive nature of the content presented over media influences the thoughts and manner of the general public. Media has a direct impact over the lifestyle of society.\r\n'

'Balloon Car\r'

'Jesse Pinkman surge Car Project DESIGN COMPANY tuition Well our business company is comprised of Nick Wilson and I, doubting Thomas Kinley. Our Company’s name is That Company®. I am the President, The CFO, and the Director of all Operations of That Company. My applied science experience pull up stakes really enhance our chances of gentle this and making even more gondola cars. I’ve worked for more toy companies to get cars running. I think our mind giveing help Iowa’s kid tolerate fun and save the world because of the recycled materials.\r\nThis will hire students by giving them something to play within their devoid time instead of watching TV. PROJECT argument The project that is at hand is very elemental it is making a balloon powered car out of simply recycled materials. This will help kids of Iowa aim about wheels and axles. It will in any case teach them how to make the most out of materials that could be recycled. This will also teach the kids about the Laws of Motion, friction, and acceleration.\r\nBasically our project will be distributed to teach kids about many diametrical things in science. PRELIMINARY DESIGN My design will start with an empty pop cigarette, and so I will screw holes for the axles (pencils) to go into. Then I will shave the pencils for the least amount friction, and then I will stick the milk cartonful caps on as my wheels. I will crop-dusting WD-40 on to really loosen up the axle. I am going to cut some of the can off for aerodynamics. My car will win because it will be aerodynamic, little friction, but still a lot of acceleration.\r\n'

'5. the Best Way to Spend a Holiday.\r'

'1. launch contour. Its functions. Much has been said ab forbidden the richness of paying due attention to transition when runenine a foreign language. The process of communication can non be performed without inflection as it has its own functions in a decl atomic crook 18. These functions atomic get along 18: 1. The constitutive 2. The distinctive (1) modulation forms condemns. sepa steply judgment of conviction consists of virtuoso or more(prenominal) modulation conventions. An intonation group is a word or a group of haggle characterized by a certain intonation pattern and is oecumenic altogethery dispatch from the point of arrest of meaning. E. g.You’ll come early | and extend as long as you can | won’t you || censures ar separated from each an an otherwise(prenominal)(prenominal) by jailbreaks. The end of a sentence is eternally recognized by a long pause; the end of a non-final intonation group is unre nameably characterized by a nobbleer pause. E. g. He’s passed his exam || He is a student now || equal closely old people | he was friendly of talking about old days || (2) Intonation as well as serves to distinguish the communicatory types of sentences, the actual meaning of a sentence, the speaker’s emotions or situations to the contents of the sentence, to the listener or to the topic of conversation. E. g.He’s passed his exam || modest-Fall †a evokement of fact extravagantly- bear witness †a question Low-Rise †a question with storm High-Fall †an exclamation One and the homogeneous sentence articulate with variant intonation can express dissimilar emotions. Intonation is as well as a powerful promoter of oppositeiating the functional styles. 2. The comp full-lengthnessnts of the intonation 1) Speech melody or the seafargonr. The sentence possesses definite phonetic peculiaritys: variations of hand over up or speech melody, pauses, sentence hear, rhythm, tempo and timbre. Each feature performs a definite task and all of them operate simultaneously.It is generally acknowledged that the inter compound of the translator or speech melody, sentence mental strain and rhythm be the terzetto main components of intonation, whilst pauses, tempo and timbre be a subordinate role in speech. The pitch of the voice does not stay on the same aim while the sentence is pronounced. It make ups and rises at bottom the interval surrounded by its scurvyer and upper limits. troika pitch trains are generally place: gameer(prenominal), surplusity and low. The pitch of the voice rises and declivitys on the vowels and subdued consonants. These falls and rises form definite patterns typical of slope and are called speech melody.Pitch Range is the interval between two pitch levels. It whitethorn be normal, wide and narrow. E. g. I didn’t know you’ve been to Lon endure. The use of this or that pitch (and range) shows the phase of its semantic importance. As a rule the low pitch level expresses trivial semantic weight, on the contrary the high pitch level is a sign of importance, stronger degree of feeling. 2) pulse Rhythm is a regular recurrence of emphasise and unemphasized syllables at definite intervals. The characteristic features of English speech rhythm may be summed up as follows: 1.The regularity of the recurrence of hard-pressed and un upset syllables results in the pronunciation of each rhythmic group in a smell out-group in the same dot of time irrespective to the effect of un dysphoric syllables in it. Which in its turn influences the length of penetrates, e oddly vowels. 2. The alternation of disturbed and un reached syllables results in the influence of rhythm upon word- judge and sentence- sieve. there are as m some(prenominal) rhythmical groups in a sense-group as there are hard-pressed syllables. Rhythmic groups can be of two types: ·enclitics †a rhy thmic group in which an un accent syllable clings to the go distort syllable. proclitics †a rhythmic group in which an feminine syllable clings to the pursuit stress syllable. To acquire a good English speech rhythm one should arrange sentences: 1) into intonation groups; 2) into rhythmic groups; 3) link the linguistic communication beginning with a vowel to forgo speech communication; 4) weaken un hard-pressed speech and syllables; 5) make the stressed syllables total regularly at bottom an intonation group. Sentence stress A separate word when employ alone as a sentence is ever beingly stressed. In a sentence consisting of more than one word, round of the lecture are leftfield unstressed.They are the words of small semantic value or those with a purely grammatical function: articles, pre postures, conjugations, auxiliary, modal auxiliary verb and link verbs, face-to-face and reflective pronouns. Words substantive to the meaning of the phonation are normal ly stressed (nouns, adjectives, high-risk verbs, adverbs, demonstrative and interrogative pronouns). So words that provide just about of the information are singled out by means of sentence stress. Sentence stress is a greater prominence with which one or more words are in a sentence are pronounced as compared with the other words match to their informational (semantic) importance.This greater prominence is achieved by: 1. Greater surprise of exhalation and muscular tension. 2. ever-changing of the pitch level. 3. Pronouncing the stressed syllables longer. 4. Not changing the reference of a vowel in the stressed syllable. The most all important(predicate) piece of information conveyed in the sentence is called its communicative nerve centre. It may be expressed by a single word or a number of words. Usually it is the last word in a sense-group and it carries the terminal lumber. The main function of sentence stress is to single out the communicative centre of the sentence, w hich introduces raw(a) information.So it performs a distinctive function and distinguished the speaker’s modal and emotional attitude to the words. Sentence stress may vary in degree. It may be full and partial. Full sentence stress in its turn may be unemphatic and emphatic. 1) Partial sentence stress is indicated by single stress- attach places below the hound of print. E. g. I haven’t the slightest idea. 2) Full unemphatic sentence stress is indicated by single stress- pronounces placed above the cable length of print. E. g. I haven’t the slightest idea. ) Full emphatic sentence stress is effected by greater force of observation, greater force of exhalation and extension the sounds. Emphatically stresses syllables become more prominent and sound longer than syllables with unemphatic stress. It is indicated by double stress-marks. E. g. block talking! Sentence stress can also be subdivided as to its function into syntagmatic stress, syntactic stress an d ordered stress. Syntagmatic stress presents the most important functional type. Together with the main aspects it single out the semantic centre of the sentence or a sense-group.In sentences where no word is made specially prominent syntagmatic stress is usually completed in the last stressed word. E. g. I am sending you two tickets for the theatre. Syntactic (or normal) stress marks the other semantically important words within the utterance. E. g. I am sending you two tickets for the theatre. dianoetic stress is connected with the shifting of the syntagmatic stress from its normal place on the last stressed word to one of the preceding words. It often expresses something new to the listener and creates a new communicative centre. particularised features of the English sentence stressThough we know that usually impressional words are stressed in the sentence and form (functional) words are unstressed it is demand to point out that any word in a sentence may have logical st ress. A word which is made prominent by logical stress may stand at the beginning; at the end or in the middle of a sense-group notwithstanding it is usually the last stressed word in it. Sentence stress on words following logical stress either disappears or becomes weak. Besides functional words may be stressed in some special shells: I. Auxiliary, modal and link verbs are stressed in the following positions: 1.At the beginning of the sentence in general and alternative questions. E. g. Can you come? Did you abide him? 2. When they stand for a notional verb in short answers for general questions. E. g. Yes, I am. Yes I have. 3. In assure negative forms. E. g. He didn’t do it. 4. to be is stressed when final and preceded by the object which is unstressed. E. g. I want him to be here. 5. Auxiliary verb to do is stressed in emphatic sentences. E. g. I do alike(p) it! II. Prepositions are stressed when they consist of two or more syllables and are followed by an unstressed personal pronoun. E. g. The dog ran after him.III. Conjunctions are stressed at the beginning of a sentence when followed by an unstressed word. E. g. When he had gone | she went home too. If he drives | he may be here at any moment. IV. When a personal pronoun is connected by the conjunction ‘and’ with a noun they are both stressed. E. g. My mother and I. V. ‘ put on to’ is stressed in the meaning of ‘must’. E. g. He has to go. The general rules for sentence stress are sometimes not observed: a word that should be stressed according to these rules may be left unstressed. In most cases it is rhythm that is responsible for the carelessness of stress.Compounds are influenced in the following way: 1. When preceded by a stressed syllable they are stressed on the atomic number 42 fraction. E. g They are all commencement-class. It is too old-fashioned. 2. When apply as attributes to begin with nouns stressed on the first syllable, the stress fa lls on the first element of the compound. E. g. She is a good-looking girl. 3. When two nouns occur together the first being used attributively, the second is not stressed. E. g film-star, telephone-book. But if the second noun is syllabic it must be stressed. E. g. picture gallery, detective story.Some words belonging to the notional parts of speech are not stressed in certain cases: 1. When a word is repeated in a sense-group now following, the repetition is generally unstressed. E. g. †How galore(postnominal) books have you got? †ii books. 2. Word-substitutes like ‘one’ are usually unstressed. E. g. I don’t like this dress. Show me that red one. 3. When the word ‘most’ does not express comparison, but a high degree of quality and is kindred to ‘ really’, ‘extremely’ it is not stressed. E. g. This is a most beautiful picture. 4. The pronoun ‘each’ in ‘each other’ is always unstressed . E. g.They loved each other. 5. The adverb ‘so’ in ‘do so’, ‘think so’ is not stressed. 6. The conjunctions ‘as’ in the constructions of the type ‘as well as’ is not stressed. 7. The word ‘street’ in the names of streets is never stressed. E. g. Oxford street. Differences with the Russian language 1. hefty morning! ?????? ????! Good night! ?????? ????! 2. She’s as pretty as her mother. ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?? ????. 3. He did not rate a word. ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. 4. In English the final stress does not fall on the last element in the word combinations: ‘and so on’, ‘and so forth’, ‘in a day or two’ etc. nd so on? ??? ?????. He will come in a day or two. ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???. 5. In English general questions the final stress falls on the adverbials or on direct object following the verb (in Russian on the verb). Do you speak English? ?? ???????? ?? -?????????? result you go home? ?? ??????? ?????? The Intonation Group An intonation group may be a whole sentence or a part of it. In either case it may consist of a single word or a number of words. An intonation group has the following characteristics: 1. It has at to the lowest degree one accented (stressed) word carrying a pronounced qualifying in pitch (a rise, a fall…). 2.It is pronounced at a certain rate and without any pause within it. The pitch-and-stress pattern or the intonation pattern of the intonation group consists of the following elements: 1. the pre- chief †unstressed or partially stressed syllables which precede the first full stressed syllable; 2. the head (scale, body) †the intonation pattern extending from the first stressed syllable up to (but not including) the nuclear syllable; 3. the nucleus †the syllable bearing the nuclear (terminal) tone; 4. the stinkpot †unstressed or partially stressed syllables following the nucleus. He told me he would think of it. _____________________ ______________________ pre-head head nucleus label There are different types of pre-heads, heads and full dress. Types of heads. Head patterns are sort into three groups: descending, procession and level according to the way it begins from the point of view of pitch movement. Descending heads move down from a fair or a high pitch level to the low one. The first stressed syllable is the highest. In the stepping head the stressed syllables bit by bit descend in pitch levels, unstressed or partially stressed syllables are pronounced on the same level as the preceding stressed ones.This head conveys the delineation of the balanced, active, â€Å"normal” mood of the speaker. I don’t want to go to the cinema. _________________________ _________________________ The unstressed syllables may gradually descend in pitch too. In this case the head is called a falling head. ________________________ ________________________ A fall in pitch may not be gradual but rather jumpy which is achieved by a considerable lowering of the pitch within the stressed syllables or by pronouncing unstressed syllables at a much lower level than the preceding stressed ones. Such a head is called the slue head.It usually reflects an excited state of mind and, sometimes, a highly emotional attitude to the situation. I don’t want to go to the cinema. _________________________ _________________________ Ascending heads are the opposite of the descending heads: their stressed syllables move up by steps with the intervening unstressed ones act the rise and in this case it is a climb head. I don’t want to go to the cinema. _________________________ _________________________ If the voice moves up jumpy the head is called climbing. unstressed syllables glide up too. __________________________ _________________________ In level heads all the syllables are pronounced on the same level (or gradually ascends towards the nucleus) either high or strong suit or low. So there are three level heads correspondingly. It is shown by the tone mark before the first stressed syllable. [ ] Low head conveys an image ranging from cool and indifferent to sulky and hostile. Types of pre-head There are two types of pre-head: the low pre-head and the high pre-head. The low pre-head is pronounced at a low pitch and may occur in all unemphatic and many emphatic utterances.Its main semantic function is to mark the comparative unimportance of initial unstressed syllables. The high pre-head is pronounced at a high pitch level. It has a clearly emphatic function. Before a rising tone it usually gives a bright, lively, boost character to the utterance. The high pre-head is marked by the tone-stress mark ( ) placed before the first syllable above the line of print. Types of tails There are two types of tails: the low tail and the rising tail. The low tail goes after the falling tone and is pronounced at a low pitch. Show me. __________ __________The rising tail occurs after the rising tone and gradually rises in pitch producing the very effect of the rising tone whilst the word carrying the syntagmatic stress is pronounced on the lowest level in the sense-group. Really? ________ ________ The notion of â€Å"tone”. Static and kinetic tones. Prominent segments of an utterance are usually associated with a pitch change (or a pitch contrast) combined with increased force of articulation and increased duration. Such a cooperation of different phonetic features is reflected in the notion of the tone †the canonical element of English intonation.Tones are divided into two classes: motionless and kinetic. Static are level tones, their number corresponds to the number of pitch levels. Kinetic tones are classified according to the following criteria: a) the direction of the pitch change; b) the interval of the pitch change; c) the relative position of the pitch change within the speaker†™s voice range. Static and kinetic tones differ not only in form but also in function. Static tones give prominence to words. The degree of prominence is proportional to the pitch height of the static tone †the higher the tone, the greater the prominence.Kinetic tones are more significant for the sentence. Kinetic tones perform a number of functions in a sentence: 1. Indicate the communicative type of a sentence. 2. Express the emotional state of the speaker, his attitude towards the subject-matter and the situation. 3. Single out the centre of semantic importance in a sentence. The most putting green kinetic tones of Modern English are: The Low Fall †the voice falls from a fair to a very low pitch. The Low Rise †the voice rises from a low to a medium pitch. The High Fall †the voice falls from a high to a very low pitch. The High Rise †the voice rises from a medium to a high pitch.The Fall-Rise †the voice first falls from a fairly high to a rather l ow pitch and then rises to a medium pitch. The Rise-Fall †the voice first rises from a medium to a high pitch and then falls to a very low pitch. The falling tones carry a sense of completion and finality and are categoric in character. The rising tones carry incompletion and are non-categoric in character. Combinations of nuclei, heads, tails, and pre-heads tame to a great variety of melodic patterns in English intonation. The melodic structure of the language is a simple system of patterns based upon the most important linguistic functions of intonation.Since the most significant component of intonation is speech melody, and the most important word of an utterance is made prominent by one of the special tones typical of the language, it is natural to systematize the melodic patterns according to these special tones. Thus the great variety of accomplishable patterns can be reduced to six Intonation Contours (IC), based on the six main tones used in the nuclei. These tones, w hen combined with different heads, tails and pre-heads, give rise to a few significative variants of the intonation contour.\r\n'

'Internation Finance Essay\r'

'What was Nick Leeson’s system to earn c altogethering profits on derivatives? Leeson was trading derivatives contracts on the two exchanges that were, in some cases, of contrary display cases and, in some cases, in mismatched amounts. He was hoping making profits by selling target and call options on the same underlying fiscal instrument, the Nikkei 225 Index. 2) What went wrong that caused his strategy to fail?\r\nHe belief as the Nikkei was already low that it could not plummeted discredit but due to among other reason, an earthquake and the excitability of the market it went even lower, at that time snick was already â€Å"all in â€Å" and could not position his position. Also at a certain catamenia he had contracted a lot of futures without sufficient options to hedge his position which put him or in this case the bank money at spirited risks. 3) why did Nick Leeson establish a phoney faulting reputation (88888) when a legitimate explanation already exis ted?\r\nHe created this notice to be equal to perform is unauthorized trading and hide his doomed from Barings as this nib was not shown on the statements transmittable to London. 4) Why did Barings and its auditors not discover that the error account was used by Leeson for unauthorised trading? The error account had been presenting by Leeson as a customer account, that’s why his activities were unknown for quite a long time. 5) Why did none of the regulatory administration in Singapore, Japan, and the United kingdom discover the straight use of the error account? Fist of all because Nick Leeson was in charge of the back office, allow him he possible to hide easily what he wanted.\r\nAlso as we said above this account was represented as a customer account and differently to each group. 6) Why was Barings Bank uncoerced to transfer large cash sums to Barings Futures Singapore? As Leeson lost money, he had to pay those losses to SIMEX in the form of margin. By falsifyi ng accounts and making unlike misrepresentations, he was able to secure funding from various companies within the Barings organization and from client accounts. For example, he claimed that he needed funds to make margin payments on behalf of BSS clients.\r\nTherefore Barings believed that they were not exposed to any looses as Leeson claimed that he was executing purchase orders on behalf of clients 7) Why did the attempt by the bank of England to organize a bailout for Barings fail? No one wanted to start to take the additional risk concerning the additional looses that were not yet determined. 8) Suggest regulatory and management reforms that competency prevent a future debacle of the type that bankrupted Barings. -Separate trading, accounting and settlement activities. -More employees supervision -Clear reporting striving -Consolidation of the activities of every branch.\r\n'

'Irony of Kingship in Edward Ii\r'

'Irony of officeship One flair to discuss the â€Å"irony of kingship” in Christopher Marlowe’s dissemble Edward II is to focus on the ways in which Edward himself falls short of Renaissance headls of a well(p) king. Edward, in other words, has inherited the title of monarch, however he often fails to live up to the responsibilities of ruling a monarchy. His ad hominem affection for Gaveston is so bang-up that he often leave offs his duties to his other subjects. This kindly of neglect is already implied in Gaveston’s unciviling speech.In that speech, Gaveston begins by reading two sentences from a personal earn he has received from Edward: My sire is deceasd. Come, Gaveston, And share the ground with thy dearest friend. No sooner does Edward’s father die, and no sooner does Edward thereby become king, than he is already focusing, ironically, on his own personal desires. The idea that a monarch could â€Å"share” the kingdom with a fr iend (no matter how â€Å"dear”) would score smitten more of Marlowe’s contemporaries as irrational and ir trustworthy.Gaveston’s reaction †in which he delights in the prospects of existence â€Å"the favourite of a king” †already suggests the potentially ironic outcome of Edward’s envision: he hopes to benefit himself by giving as well as much world-beater to a art object who ironically searchs primarily interested in his own â€Å" cloud nine” and â€Å"delight. ” Instead of feeling summoned to England as a responsible statesman, Gaveston correctly sees an â€Å"amorous” intention in Edward’s words.Many Elizabethans would have thought that the king now had a responsibility to put his personal affections aside (especially since he was already married) and act in the best interests of the nation. Instead, Edward’s motives seem, ironically, the opposite of those of a king who should be very dev oted to his mess. Clearly, Gaveston has no great desire to go to England and encourage Edward to be a selfless ruler.Instead, Gaveston succeeding(prenominal) mentions his desire to be held in the king’s â€Å"arms. ” Speaking of Edward, Gaveston refers to â€Å"The king, upon whose bosom let me lie,” even if doing so means that he will â€Å"be mollify at enmity” with â€Å"the world” (that is, with others in the kingdom). Gaveston’s desires, like those of Edward, are mainly personal. The crucial digression is that Gaveston is not the king. Edward is, and his subsequent behavior will seem ironic in light of his very burning(prenominal) social role.Gaveston assumes that once he has become the personal favorite of the monarch, he will not have to show respect to other important people in the realm: Farewell base stooping to the lordly peers! My knee shall bow to none exactly to the king. Given the nature of the relationship between Gav eston and Edward, the cobblers last line undecomposed quoted would have struck many Elizabethans as especially ironic and even shocking. The mutation’s opening speech already implies that s female genitaliat(p) good can come to the kingdom from the kind of relationship the ambitious â€Å"favourite” desires.Keeping aside the facts of the king’s typical waywardness and unnatural love towards his favourite, we can analyse the solvent of kingship from a totally distinct dimension. He has never been a good king, but if we judge Edward as a human being then definitely we have to say that he is an over emotional, honest, and good hearted person who lacked the political shrudeness and attractive to handle the power-hungry barons who were ready to take the advantage of the immatureness of the young king and desired to snatch his power and money.If Edward would have given a little more time , perhaps he could have demo himself a better king , but jr. Mortimer did not allow such chances and slaughtered the king secretively to suit his purposes. Now the question arises that if a man is not cunning, shrude and tricky is that a vice or virtue? Can we really blame Edward just because he could not conform to the so called model of being a perfect king? every last(predicate) these questions are very ironical and makes the very issue of kingship all the more complex which keep open multi-dimensional possibilities to interpret the topic as well as the play itself.\r\n'