Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1 Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1 Study Guide EssayAnatomy the study of the grade or structure and arrangement of soundbox parts and their relationshipsPhysiology the study of the cultivates of the eubstance parts or structures and their relationships in bearinglife processes.Levels of Structural OrganizationThe human body consists of directs of structural organization that atomic number 18 associated with one another.There be six levels of structural organizationI. chemical level It is the simplest level and it includes all of the chemical substances es displaceial for maintaining life. These substances are made up of atoms.An atom is thesmallest unit of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.Atoms combine to form molecules, which may be simple orcomplex. distinguishable types of molecules combine to form oranelles (little organs). Organelles are specific structures that carry out specific functions.2. jail cellular level The cell is the basic unit of structureand function and of life. Cells vary in size, shape, and function and may contain many types of organelles.3. tissue level Tissues are groups of similar cells thatperform a specific function.There are four major types of tissues in the human bodya.epithelial tissue It is found lining bodycavities and covers the surface of the body.It functions inprotection, secretion, and excretion.b. connective tissue It is found on the surfaces ofand in organs and tissues and functions in protection, support, and attaching organs and tissues to each other and to the walls of body cavities.c. muscle tissue It functions in the movement ofbody parts and organs, and in the movement of substancesthroughout the body.There are three major types of muscle tissue(1)skeletal muscle It is found attached to andcovering bones and it functions in bodymovement.(2)cardiac muscle It is fixed in the heartwall and functions in the contraction andrelaxation of the heart as it beats.(3)smooth musc le It is located in the walls ofinternal or visceral organs and it functionsin moving substances throughout the body.d.nervous tissueIt is located in the brain andspinal cord, and extends to conglomerate tissues and organs.Itfunctions in transmitting electrical or nerve impulses from the external and internal environments to the brain and spinal cord where it is interpreted and a reaction occurs.4. organ level Organs are groups of two or more types oftissue working together to perform a specific function.5. organ outline level sTstems are groups of organsthat work closely together to perform a common function.There are eleven organ systems in the human bodyaog.h.i.j.k. integumentary systemmuscular systemskeletal systemnervous systemendocrine systemcardiovascular systemlymphatic systemrespiratory systemdigestive systemurinary systemreproductive system6. organismal level It is the highest level of structuralorganization and it consists of groups of organ systems working togethe r to maintain body structure and function. Organ systems work together to maintain an internal environment that is fairly constant, stable, or balanced. This is referred to as homeostasis (to stay the same). Changes do occur, but indoors very narrow ranges or limits.HomeostasisBody parts or structures function efficiently in maintaining metabolic processes and when the survival needs are within trustworthy limits or optimum levels.The survival needs includewater,oxyqen, nutrients, an appropriate bod temperature, and atmospheric crush. Water is necessary for chemical reactions, excretion, and secretion.Oxyqen is required for many of the metabolicreactions that lead down nutrients and provide energy. Nutrients provide energy for cells and cell processes. Bod temperature must be maintained within a certain range for chemical reactions and cell processes to perform efficiently.If the body temperature falls too low or increases too high, chemical reactions will slow down or may stop. Atmospheric pressure is the force of air on the body surface by the weight of air. It is important in breathing and in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. To maintain homeostasis there are control mechanisms. Control mechanisms consist of three partsi. receptor It responds to sensory stimulifrom theinternal and external environments. The information is sent on afferent pathways to the control center.2. control center It consists of the brain and spinal cord which interpret and analyze the information and determine an appropriate response.Information is then sent along efferentpathways to the effector.3. effector It consists of tissues, organs, or glands that perform a motor response to the original stimulus that was received by the receptor. The response involves a feedback mechanism. If the response slows down or inhibit the stimulus it is a neqative feedback mechanism. If the response speeds up or enhances the stimulus, it is a positive feedback mechanism. Most controlmechanisms for homeostasis in the human body are negative feedback mechanisms.