Implicit Theories And Their Role Of Judgments And...

1. Author(s) of the Article: Carol S. Dweck , Chi-yue Chiu , and ying-yi Hong 2. Title of the Article: Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions : A world from two perspectives. 3. Purpose and/or Hypothesis(es) of the Study: Examine the of the implicit beliefs on people inferences , judgments, and reactions. 4. Results of the Study: For (hong and dweck) for the failure condition entity theorists â€Å" response times to the ability adjectives differed significantly from those of incremental theory† also results showed that the difference wasn’t due to generalized feeling of failure among the entity theorists group.results from ( bandura and dweck , dweck and Leggettshowed that that those who chose the performance goal tasks are mostly the entity intelligence theory holders also it showed that entity intelligence theory holders focused on the achievement situation. Results showed (henderson and dweck) study â€Å"that entity theorists who received low grades in the 6th grade tended to receive low grades in the 7th grade who received high in the past tend to receive high in the 7th † while the opposite was true for the incremental theory they showed improvement also entity theorist showed more anxious attiude toward their school work nd the results showed for zhao and dweck study that â €Å" entity theorists of intelligence were more likelygenerate responses reflecting strong neagative effect and helpless copying reactions†.in the judgement of others and reactionsShow MoreRelatedThe of Leadership in shaping organizational culture Essay4035 Words   |  17 Pagesï » ¿ The Role of Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture Armen Avetisyan Walden University Abstract In this paper I have tried to analyze the role of leadership in shaping of organizational culture. 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Hence his work is not focused on a particularRead MoreEssay on The Role of Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight5387 Words   |  22 PagesThe Role of Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In the Fourteenth Century, Feudalism and its offspring, chivalry, were in decline due to drastic social and economic changes. In this light, _Sir Gawain and the Green Knight_ presents both a nostalgic support of the feudal hierarchies and an implicit criticism of changes, which, if left unchecked will lead to its ultimate destruction. I would suggest that the women in the story are the Gawain poets primary instruments in this critique andRead MoreManaging Unconscious Bias At Work3490 Words   |  14 Pagesinstilled in our lives from a young age and are so obvious that can be attenuated as we grow older. 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MindTree Case Study - 5010 Words

_MindTree_ Case Study MGMT2311 Debaditya Biswas 20916078 Elise Chon 20937795 Thomas Fyffe 21327772 Lin Wee 21566698 1. INTRODUCTION Founded in 1999, _MindTree_ is a global information technology (IT) and research and development (RD) Services Company with corporate headquarters in India and the U.S. (_MindTree_ 2014). Upon establishment into the Indian IT industry, _MindTree_ has been providing IT support in areas such as testing, digital transformation, data analytics and infrastructure management, as well as various RD services, including Bluetooth and Cloud enablement (_MindTree_, 2014). _MindTree_ is also widely known for its innovation-driven and knowledge-intensive practices, thus placing a high emphasis on knowledge†¦show more content†¦Employees with this essential skill are very necessary for a company that is looking to escape the mid-sized trap through revenue growth amongst other strategies. SETTING POTENTIALLY FAR-FETCHED GOALS Despite generating profits of over $100 million (Garvin Tahilyani 2011), _MindTree_s revenue growth began to decrease in the years leading up to the 2009 Global Financial Crisis (GFC). The GFC simply exacerbated this trend, resulting in decreased expenditure on the advanced technology necessary for _MindTree_ to execute the projects and services it depended on for revenue. Coping with economic recession requires organizations such as _MindTree_ to adjust business goals, objectives and practices in order to adapt to the external economic environment. In 2010 _MindTree_ announced the 5*50 initiative as part of the greater strategy of achieving $1 billion in revenues by 2014 (Garvin, Tahilyani, 2011). The initiative asks that the _MindTree_ Minds (the employees) envision new business ideas that will be able to generate $50 million in five years. Employees can work individually or in groups and will be given three months to conceptualize and submit their idea. The submissions will then be assessed by a panel of the firms CEOs and managers, and the most viable 5-7 business ideas willShow MoreRelatedSharing Of Knowledge Management Systems1194 Words   |  5 Pagessharing of knowledge. This means that employees were motivated by rewards such as promotions or bonuses in order to share knowledge in an organisation (Minbaeva et al 2012). At MindTree, Communities of practice are essential parts of the organisation and reflect the socio-technical approach to knowledge management. Community meetings offer employees a chance to interact on a one-on-one basis to discuss, compare and brainstorm new ideas and trends. The leaders of these communities who facilitate discussionsRead MoreSupply Chain Management Solution for Hindustan Unilever : Case Study875 Words   |  4 PagesSupply Chain Management Solution for Hindustan Unilever : Case Study Existing Situation With nearly 1000 products, HLL distributes them nationally through a network of four warehouses, more than 40 agents, 7,500 wholesalers and a number of large institutional customers. HLL, in its endeavor to move from the existing push-based planning system to a pull-based system, wanted to build a Supply Chain Management (SCM) solution that would ensure informed decisions are made during procurement, manufacturingRead Morehigh performance organizations1245 Words   |  5 Pagesand has a top-down approach to training.  The strategy is that all operations should be defined, the work very clearly distributed and the team member’s job should be made simple and easily visible. MindTree Consulting: There are no ready-made recipes for attracting and retaining talent. MindTree learnt in the six years of its existence in the knowledge industry was that they were in a people’s business and hence they had to listen to people and understand their aspirations. MindTree’s employeesRead More. Entering Uk Market – Pestel Analysis1999 Words   |  8 Pagesand there fore are looked at as harmless has contributed to a positive growth of the software market in the UK .This can be evidenced by the fact that , people from all walks of life can purchase different software custom made . There have been few cases of major complaints form the society in terms of their usability and effectiveness of what is on offer in the market . This further strengthens the future position of the sector Competition Name Last Price Market Cap. (Rs. cr.) Sales TurnoverRead MorePerformance of Ipo11029 Words   |  45 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY Towards the fulfillment of project program, a study was conducted at Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd., Bangalore. The corporate exposure learning program involved in the study of Investors Perception on IPO’s and to analyze the selected IPO’s in the year 2006. Among various modes of raising fresh capital, the equity issue started gaining momentum in India during early 1980’s. It reached the peak during early 1990’s. Many companies made public issue during

Economic and Social Implications System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Economic and Social Implications System. Answer: Introduction: People used to refer to the unknown reasons of societal risk as the "witchcraft" in Europe and North America. As the society developed, the idea of the witch had been virtually eliminated. Historically, the church did not believe in the witchcraft, but it took the responsibility of sustaining the societal welfare. Today experiments take place to decide the real causes of risk in different conditions. The modern science is against the self-delusion as it relies on the process of critical inquiry to discover the source of errors and uncover the truth. Skeptical could provide evidence that the witch effect does not exist in fact. The importance of the analysis of the witch effect and the witchcraft phenomenon of the early days is to realize the fact that what actually happens in the society and creates a risk to people is totally different from what they think as a reason. This phenomenon leads us to learn from the past experiences and consider their effect today. Also, the way the chur ch had treated the fear of people from the natural risk that affected them provides us with insights about the political system adopted in the past and how it had affected peoples' life. The power of the institutions have been increased as they used peoples' fear to govern people who believed that the evil was the cause of all the negative events, not the princes and pops. The argument by Trevor-Roper that the witch craze exists in the mindset of the renaissance, reveals that the human progress was not easy or simple. The political power used to respond to the unknown risk rather than to investigate it and control its effects. This approach represents a dream of risk-free life that would never take place (Clark 1980). The basic nature of risk assessment is mainly caused by people interest in resource management. The natural resources carry good and bad at the same time, for example, the river that carries water necessary to drink and irrigation also brings floods. This context is more realistic than the witch effect, as people have to adapt and cope with the events rather than use their imaginations and fiction to interpret the events that cause risk. The anthropological studies showed that the early societies used to adjust peoples' behavior to cope with the environmental risks. On the contrary, the modern societies have tended to pursue a different course of adaptation to reduce the variability of nature and control the environment by using large, capital intense and long-term projects. This modern approach could also succeed in achieving short-term goals. An argument to the modern approach assumes that the short-term achievements were at the expense of the long-term unexpected consequences, whi ch means that policymakers did not consider the uncalculated risk. The efforts made by the governments today aim to control risk, but each policy has positive and negative effects. The control of a risk is responsible for another risk which is not considered in planning for a solution to the first emerging risk. For example, preserving the forests by sustaining their varied and preserving the biological conditions. The invariability of the insecticides control, insects could spread in the entire forest, which requires continuous efforts in RD to prevent the evolution of the risk to become an epidemic. It is important to plan for eliminating the causes of the risk rather than to focus on the symptoms (Clark 1980). The same situation occurs in controlling the risk of the disease in the human beings. The control of uncertainty may result in increased vulnerability to become a disaster. For example, polio disease is still creating a big threat to the public health worldwide. The public health officials seek to eliminate the disease from the entire population that is why they conduct campaigns to ensure the total elimination of the disease. If the officials started to consider that polio does not represent a risk anymore, this could lead the society to face a real epidemic. Here we assure again that continuous monitoring and evaluation should take place to prevent any sort of potential risk. Moreover, the evolutionary biology results in substantial genetic differences in the population's survival. One form is likely to adapt to the environmental condition better than the others. Which means that some people will be able to adapt to the environmental changes, while others will fail, but the variation in the environment is likely to prevent a certain form from replacing the others. It is a mercy from God that the environment changes or many types of lives that cannot adapt to the environment would have been disappeared. The uncertainty of the natural system is a result of the dynamism of the system. It evolves continuously, as policymakers think they could control it and feel optimistic they are surprised by a wave of risk and hazard. The variability of the natural system plays a critical role in creating and maintaining relationships among the system components. The elimination of variability results in the creation of new relationships that people find that they have to deal with a new sort of variability. This leads us to realize a fact that resource management is a complex process that yields different and surprising new circumstances over the time. The resource management scheme should be designed in a resilient way to be able to cope with the unexpected conditions and the variability of the resource system. To overcome the system variability, uncertainty-tolerant management policies have emerged in the form of "soft-failure" system that goes beyond the resource management system. This approach represents the aggregate risk assessment as it measures the probability of risk, makes trade-offs, calculates the social risk-benefit and defines the common goods (Clark 1980). Risk detection is very important to ensure the public safety. The advocates argue that regulation failed to detect risk of introducing the American drugs. They seek the best safety conditions to the public and people represented in the drug review panels. This situation represents an argument of ensuring the public safety from different parties, the regulating party which is the main responsible for assuring public safety, the advocates of the peoples' safety who argue that the regulatory framework did not provide sufficient guarantees for public safety and the peoples' representatives in the drug review panel. The Congress which shows responsive action to the importance of drug safety by intervening the FDA on regular bases. The Congress efforts failed to meet the requests of the FDA in representing a legislative mandate that balances between the risks and benefits of a public good in a democratic way. This situation transformed the public safety issue into a political issue. Which means an involvement in the process of risk assessment that considers the basic goals to contribute in the public interest. Joshua Lederberg a systems analytic- argues that issues related to the public health are complex, time-consuming and expensive. That is why it should not be treated as a plausible safety measure as it might lead to increase in the total risk. The experimental design is different from the routine issues. Deregulation could be a solution, but it does not assure the total public safety. An appropriate risk assessment needs to emerge from empirical experiences from different countries governed by different regulations (Clark 1980). The three represented approaches to risk management aim to manage risk to establish a more predictable environment with better response to it through the contribution of different parties, including, politicians, regulators, advocates and people. Collective efforts are coordinated in order to manage the unexpected events that evolve continuously. Risk management is coping with uncertainty in an effective way, with creativity and confidence to the changing environment. Increasing the risk-taking ability should be the main target, not the accommodation with the unknown as represented in the first approach. The three represented approaches show the improvements in the human ability to manage risk through the knowledge of both of the risk and the benefits, making trade-offs and the reaction to the unexpected changes in the environment. Despite the emergence of the "risk-free" earning strategies, Boehm-Bawerk's Law theory has emerged. It assumes that the greater benefits could arise from the greater uncertainty through risk-taking. This theory represents the basis of the strategic corporate planning, as entrepreneurial success depends on its ability to take the risk. The ability of the entrepreneurs to take risk is considered as a biological factor that enables them to cope with risk. Different researchers have argued the issue of quality control and its effect in managing risk, others argue the importance of a rigorous science to eliminate the exploitation and incompleteness that characterize risk science today. This research has effectively differentiated between the old ways of risk management by just responding to it and the contemporary risk management with its ability to control risk and manage the social safety. Learning from errors is a central notion of the modern policy analysis. The rational management is used to evaluate policies and its evolution in different fields of examination (Clark 1980). Personal and societal responses to risk An example of a societal risk is the great failure of Malaria control in Africa. Malaria is still the most important parasitic disease that threatens the humans' lives. About 600 million malaria cases occur every year and 1 million deaths because of it. The majority of infections takes place in sub-Saharan Africa, it is considered an obstacle to development (Kouyat et al. 2007; The European Alliance Against Malaria 2007). Item People affected by the disaster Management Imposition People resist chloroquine, but they accept pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine Imposed antimalarial drug worldwide called 'chloroquine' Voluntariness People kept refusing chloroquine Volunteering efforts are made by WHO and the UNICEF Equitability Chloroquine is the main treatment of Malaria in Burkina Faso. The people resist this drug Suggested to switch from the chloroquine to ACT State of knowledge Peoples' disagreement about risk stems from their resistance to change, they tend to reject any information that seems inconsistent with their beliefs. The population state of knowledge is high. The management of societal risks in Burkina Faso failed to gain the acceptability of risk to the community Proximity People in Sub Saharan Africa are the most affected people with the Malaria pandemic. The proximity of infection and death is very high The proximity of risk is very high as people refuse to take the chloroquine and ACT is not available in the market. Time In the case of Malaria pandemic in Burkina Faso, the consequences happen as a continuous process as nothing could prevent it. No series actions were taken by the government to set a time limit to the expansion of infection. Extreme value The severity of risk that people face increases. It also leads people to focus on the extreme values of consequences. It also represents a high level of fear to people as their children die daily with no hope for a suitable solution. The UNICEF argues for the necessity of developing strategies to prevent Malaria and the adopt practices of personal hygiene Dread Malaria in Burkina Faso is highly endemic and the main cause of morbidity and even mortality The ministry of health has arranged for a national meeting to discuss the options of malaria treatment that suggested to switch from the chloroquine to ACT Unknown People ignore the fact that the ACT is unavailable in the market. The World Health Organization (WHO) also discovered that the decision of switching to ACT was not developed in practice and the drug is not available through government health services The UNICEF also argues for the necessity of developing strategies to prevent Malaria and the adopt practices of personal hygiene. Number affected People and their children die every day. As a result of the affection. It kills a child every 30 seconds About 600 million malaria cases occur every year and 1 million deaths because of it. Sources: Kouyat et al. (2007), The European Alliance Against Malaria (2007), UNICEF (2012), Slovic (1987) and Viner (2018). Legal and victim views of risk The general statements of expectation of theWork Health and Safety Act 2012of South Australia (SafeWork SA 2012 p.1), are as follows: Establish health and safety duties, including the primary duty to protect any person from exposure to hazards and risks that arise from work. provide for worker representation, consultation and participation including through Health and Safety Representatives and Health and Safety Committees. Assessment of risk in relation to a class of hazards, tasks, circumstances or things (South Auatralia 2017 p. 56) all hazards, tasks, things or circumstances in the class are the same; and the assessment of risks for the class does not result in any worker or other person being exposed to a greater, additional or different risk to health and safety than if the risk assessment were carried out in relation to each individual hazard, task, thing or circumstance. Regulations and codes of practice in relation to reasonably practical According to the Government of South Australia (2015 P. 6-7): 'In accordance with SA Health Policy Directive Work Health, Safety and Injury Management, SA Health acknowledges that the strategic and operational management of risk is integral to everyday sound management practice and good corporate and clinical governance. Roles and Responsibilities: The following Roles and Responsibilities are specific to this policy directive and should be read in conjunction with SA Health Policy Directive - Roles, Responsibilities and Governance (WHS): 5.1 Chief Executive / Deputy Chief Executives Will take reasonably practicable steps to: Exercise due diligence to ensure compliance with the intent of this policy directive and associated procedure; Establish awareness and accountability for the implementation of this policy directive. The four common law tests of negligence from a defending lawyer point of view The case represents Samarco iron ore mine disaster that resulted in the collapse of the Fundo dam at Mariana and caused a death of 19 people, damaging of villages and hundreds of homeless people beside of the pollution of the river. Samarco is owned by BHP and fellow iron ore giant Vale. It is considered as the largest disaster in Brazil's history (Lannin 2017). The case of Samarco reveals the lack of an emergency plan, problems in the licensing process, failure of the supervisory, and the negligence (Neotropica 2016). The four common law tests of negligence could be discussed according to Thomson (2015), Belmans (2017) and Ong (2016), as follows: The test of causation: The government of Brazil is the plaintiff of the disaster and Samarco has agreed to pay $US2.3 to the government to compensate the damages that took place after the collapse of the Fundo dam. Foresee-ability: The investigations that took place after the disaster revealed that BHP, Vale and Samarco are the direct responsibiles for the disaster due to a range of construction and design flaws. This puts a burden on the owners of the mine and they will respond accordingly. Controllability: The owners of the mine confess their responsibility for the disaster and decided to finance the efforts of cleaning up Samarco by allocating $US181 Mn. and $US133 million to the Renova Foundation, the charitable organization responsible for restoration works and compensate people and $US48 Mn. to run the mine. Reasonableness: The owners of the mine take the responsibility of eliminating the consequences of the disaster on the side of the environment, the homeless people and the work activities in the mine. Samarco Dam failure The risk assessment techniques are used to describe the means of combining qualitative ratings of consequence and probability to yield a risk rating (Peace 2017). Risk assessment is the basis for successful health and safety management, it is essential for reducing the occupational diseases and work-related accidents(Wijeratne, Perera Silva 2014). The successful risk management involves technical and social complementary functions. The social functions include actions related to the institutional dynamics necessary to communicate and understand the risk results and action implementation to reduce risk (Murnane, Simpson Jongman 2016). The disaster of the fall of the Samarco dam in 2016 has been negotiated by different governmental entities to evaluate the environmental and socio-economic damage caused by the disaster. The time period since the disaster happened is not enough to accurately evaluate the environmental and socio-economic damage that happened as a result of the disaster. The government has allocated a fixed amount of money of BRL 240 Mn. per year to cover the expenditure needed for compensation of the disastrous consequences. These disbursements are scheduled with a limited contribution for the first six years for the victims of the disaster. The Federal Prosecutor's Office offers the settlements primarily to the companies to protect their assets at the expense of the affected populations and the environmental needs. Moreover, it does not offer a mechanism for any foundations to implement projects required by Samarco. The MPF and the Public Prosecutors Office of the State of Minas Gerais in 2015 have e stablished an environmental guarantee of BRL 1 Bn. to fund the compensation. In addition, in order to better understand the consequences of the disaster, a multilateral agreement was established between several governmental entities and Samarco in 2015 to conduct a series of measures for emergencies including the water supply to certain cities (Salinas 2016). Management involves two components, risk determination and risk evaluation. The determination of the risk consequences involves the consequences of the potential risk, its magnitude and impact. The risk could be classified into four types of undesirable consequences representing the different severity and predictability. Crockford (1986) as cited in Tummala Schoenherr (2011) classifies them in trivial, small, medium and large. He assumes that the trivial consequences occur with a very high frequency, Many financial advisors and fund boards are reevaluating the organizational structures in relation to risk management through the adoption of more formal risk management practices. They adopt different approaches according to size, resources, business type and complexity of funds (The Investment Company Institute 2011). Stakeholders have to adapt to the needs and dedicate internal and external resources to assist in the risk management needs (Deloitte 2016). With regard to the previous analysis, the severity of the Fundo dam collapse is very high. After one year of the disaster, 43 million m3 of iron ore are still causing environmental damage and polluting 668 km of water (Do Carmoa et al. 2017). BHP Billiton Brasil Ltda has signed an agreement to fund a US$181 Mn. to support Renova Foundation and Samarco Minera financially. About US$48 Mn. were allocated to Samarco to carry the ongoing repair works in the short-run and cover facilities to support restart planning with a value of US$42 Mn. and the rest of the fund of US$6 Mn. were allocated to fund the experts contracted with the compensation programs (BHP Billiton 2017). Moreover, the total support allocated to Samarco by the various stakeholders accounted for US$137,097 in the first half of 2017 and US$142,000 in the second half of 2017. It is also expected that two more stakeholders will contribute with US$313,000 to directly fund the compensation programs continuously. All of these agreements are held under the control of Samarco (Samarco 2016). References Belmans, K 2017, How negligence caused Brazils worst environmental disaster, viewed 17 April 2018, https://generatietransitie.be/en/news/how-negligence-caused-brazil%E2%80%99s-worst-environmental-disaster. BHP Billiton 2017, BHP to fund $181m for more Samarco dam cleanup, viewed 17 April 2018, https://www.mining.com/web/bhp-fund-181m-brazil-dam-cleanup/. Clark, W 1980, 'Witches, floods, and wonder drugs: Historical perspectives on risk management', Internaational Institute of Applied Syatems Analysis , Austria. Deloitte 2016, 'Risk management for alternative investment funds Deloitte: Your partner of choice', Deloitte, Luxembourg. Do Carmoa, F, Kamino, L, Junior, R, De Camposa, L, Silvino, G, De Castro, K, Mauro, M, Rodrigues, N, Miranda, M Pinto, C 2017, 'Fundo tailings dam failures: the environment tragedy of the largest technological disaster of Brazilian mining in global context', Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, vol 15, pp. 145151. Government of South Australia 2015, 'Policy Directive: compliance is mandatory', The Government, South Australia. Kouyat, B, Sie, A, Y, M, De Allegri, M Mller , O 2007, The great failure of Malaria control in Africa: A district perspective from Burkina Faso , viewed 13 April 2018, https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040127. Lannin, S 2017, Brazil dam collapse: BHP to give $235 million more for clean-up of environmental disaster, viewed 13 April 2018, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-22/bhp-provides-millions-more-after-samarco-dam-disaster-brazil/9282394. Murnane, R, Simpson, A Jongman, B 2016, 'Understanding risk: what makes a risk assessment successful?', International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, vol 7, no. 2, pp. 186-200. Neotropica, B 2016, Point of view: Hidden impacts of the Samarco mining waste dam collapse to Brazilian marine fauna - an example from the staurozoans (Cnidaria), viewed 17 April 2018, https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S1676-06032016000200401. Ong , T 2016, BHP Billiton-owned mining company agrees to pay $3.2bn to Brazil Government over 2015 dam collapse, viewed 17 April 2018, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-03/samarco-agrees-to-pay-brazil-government-for-dam-collapse/7216164. Peace, C 2017, 'The risk matrix: uncertain results?', Policy and practice in health and safety, vol 15, no. 2, pp. 131144. SafeWork SA 2012, Work health and safety act and regulations, viewed 13 April 2018, https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/show_page.jsp?id=112257. Salinas, N 2016, 'Samarco case: legal, economic and social implications of the greatest environmental disaster in Brazil', The Center for Research in Law Economics at FGV DIREITO RIO, Brazil. Samarco 2016, 'Samarco financial statements', PwC, UK. Slovic, P 1987, 'Perception of risk', Science, vol 236, pp. 280-285. South Auatralia 2017, Work health and safety regulations 2012, viewed 13 April 2018, https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/R/WORK%20HEALTH%20AND%20SAFETY%20REGULATIONS%202012.aspx. The European Alliance Against Malaria 2007, 'Malaria and poverty', The European Alliance Against Malaria, Belgium. The Investment Company Institute 2011, 'Fund board oversight of risk management', The Investment Company Institute, USA. Thomson, T 2015, BHP Billiton Samarco mine disaster caused by negligence, says Brazilian official, viewed 17 April 2018, https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/bhp-billiton-samarco-mine-disaster-caused-by-negligence-says-brazilian-official-20151111-gkvx1v.html. Tummala, R Schoenherr, T 2011, 'Assessing and managing risks using the supply chain risk management process (SCRMP)', Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, vol 16, no. 6, pp. 474-483. UNICEF 2012, 'Disaster risk reduction in school curricula: Case studies from thirty countries', UNICEF, Geneva. Viner, D 2018, 'Risk perception and analysis', Swinburne University of Technology, Australia. Wijeratne, W, Perera, B Silva, L 2014, 'Identification and assessment risks in maintenance operations', Built Environment Project and Asset Management, vol 4, no. 4, pp. 384-405.

Principles of Personal Responsibilities and Working in a Business Environment free essay sample

An employment contract is a very important document. It spells out the key things you can expect from your employer and what your employer expects from you. Once you’ve worked for your employer for two months, you have the legal right to receive details of your terms and conditions of employment in writing. This information may come in a letter or a formal contract of employment. Alternatively, you may get a document outlining the main terms of employment, with signposts to where you can find other essential information. Key legislation Whats covered? Virtually every aspect of your employment is covered by law. In the UK, the law applies to businesses and organisations of all sizes and in all sectors. There are four main areas covered by legislation: 1. Health and safety 2. Employment rights and responsibilities 3. Pay and pensions 4. Data protection. Sector specific legislation Legislation applies to all businesses and organisations. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Personal Responsibilities and Working in a Business Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They must find out which laws / regulations apply to them so they can follow these laws correctly. They should also ensure that each employee knows the law and how it relates to his or her job role. If a business claimed they did not know the law, it would be no defence if they got into trouble for not following the law. In many organisations, employees are told all about general and industry-specific laws during the induction process. Specific laws and regulations apply to areas such as food safety, employment agencies, private security industries and many more. The importance of legislation Why have laws? Laws are created in business to protect employers, employees, customers and third parties. If laws didn’t exist, people would be unprotected and things may get out of control. There would be no clear way to resolve differences or difficulties. Laws help businesses to have rules of conduct that apply to all relevant parties. Other methods can also be used to resolve differences of opinion or behaviour that break these rules – such as courts / tribunals. Courts use an objective, evidence-based approach to solve problems to do with breaking the law, rather than using force or power to resolve an issue. Be informed! Sources of information You can find useful information about employment rights and responsibilities in many different places! Some sources of information may be found within an organisation (known as internal sources) while other sources are found outside the organisation (known as external sources). Internal sources of information may include: * Line managers * Personnel specialists * Informed colleagues * Staff association representatives * Trade union representatives * Books and documents held within the organisation. People often assume that all employees in the workplace are the same. However, when you think about this in more detail, its obvious that a huge amount of differences (or diversity) can exist in a workplace. A few categories of diversity can be seen on the right of this page! At times, differences are treated with suspicion or they are resisted. However, diversity can add real value to an organisation and should be seen as a positive thing. Equality Equal rights for all In all organisations, its important that all employees are treated in an equally fair way and are given equal opportunities. Also, people doing the same job equally well should be rewarded fairly. There is a moral and legal obligation to treat people on their merits and their ability to do the job. Both employers and employees should make sure that inappropriate labelling, stereotyping and prejudice do not influence the way an organisation operates. Being sensitive to others Politeness and respect To be sensitive to others, there are some simple steps to follow! 1. Be aware of judgements you make about others. Are you prejudiced or prone to pre-judge other people? Are you likely to generalise about (stereotype) a category of people? 2. Focus on the actual person and not the ‘label’ that may be put on them. 3. Always look for the positive attributes people may bring to a situation. 4. Be willing to learn about people ‘who are different’. 5. Recognise that some differences of opinion will exist. As long as these do not interfere with work, then the differences should be tolerated. If differences interfere with work, then they need to be discussed and addressed in a civil manner. 6. Be polite, patient and treat people with the respect that you would expect. What are the benefits? Equality and diversity Before we end the Session, have a go at this Activity and think about the benefits of equality and diversity procedures. Activity Business A always chooses people from the same family for its senior management jobs. Some of the original managers employed from this family were very competent. However, others have proven less capable. Business B always employs the person with the best skills and competences. Factors such as family ties, race, gender, etc are of little importance compared with ability. Health and safety Staying safe at work All employers and employees have a legal duty to ensure that working environments are safe and secure. One of the most important pieces of legislation is the Health and Safety at Work Act etc 1974. Most other health and safety regulations are based on this Act or are linked to it in some way. The Health and Safety at Work Act states that everyone has a responsibility for health and safety in the workplace. Under this Act, employers must ensure the health, safety and welfare of their employees (and any other people who may be affected by the work they do). Legislation More on legislation In addition to generic legislation such as the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, there may also be specific legislation that covers your job role. We cant cover every industry and job role in this course. However, to illustrate an example, (and because youre doing an online course), lets look at some of the legislation that applies when you are working with Information Technology (IT). Then you can find out about Working Time Regulations! Security and confidentiality The legalities There are several Acts of Parliament relating to security and confidentiality, as well as many legal cases on the subject. Two of the most important Acts are summarised below: The Data Protection Act 1998 This Act requires all organisations that process data on individuals to be listed in the register of data controllers. In the Act, data refers to information recorded or processed by computer and information that is part of a relevant filing system or forms part of an accessible record (like health records) Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) This legislation limits what can be done with information originated elsewhere. This is to protect the rights of people who create original work. The law applies to books, computer programs, artistic work and songs. Why follow procedures? Having a framework in place By having health, safety and security procedures, an organisation has a framework for making sure that the business environment is a healthy, safe and secure place for everyone. These procedures should clarify who is responsible for what. Care should also be taken to ensure that people are informed and trained in a way that makes a safer environment more achievable. Take a look at the list below and see some key reasons for following health, safety and security procedures. Legal * Organisational rules * Moral * Economic. Legal In this Session, you have learned that there are many laws relating to the creation of safe and secure business environments. To comply with the law, an organisation must undertake specific actions and people must follow specified procedures. A failure to follow procedures may mean that the law is being broken. This can result in reprimands, fines, closures and even prison sentences. Organisational rules Each organisation will have procedures for staff to follow. Many of these will be determined by legal requirements. If staff or management fail to follow these procedures, they are likely to be subject to organisational grievance / disciplinary procedures. Ultimately, these can result in people being dismissed. These actions do not rule out further legal action. Moral An organisation’s health, safety and security procedures are created to ensure that people do not come to any harm. If procedures are not followed, people inside or outside the organisation may suffer in some way. For this reason, employers and employees have a moral obligation to do the right thing and follow procedures. In this way, harm may be minimised. Economic Some of the main economic consequences for failing to follow appropriate health, safety and security procedures include: Fines for breaking the law Key business processes or the whole organisation being shut down due to problems Compensation payments to staff, customers or others Increased costs of trying to attract and keep good quality staff in an organisation where harm has occurred Loss of customers who are aware of the health, safety or security problems of an organisation. If a worker in a factory has an accident, the factory may be fined, closed until things are put right and could even lose customers. These are all economic consequences of not following procedures. Are you secure? Why have a security system? Security systems are put in place to protect buildings, equipment, staff, personal possessions and information. Maintaining security and confidentiality Some of the key reasons for maintaining security and confidentiality are to: * Prevent buildings from being entered by unauthorised people and from being vandalised * Minimise burglaries and thefts (possessions / information) * Protect staff from personal attack or assault * Protect computer systems from hackers / viruses Keep plans and commercially sensitive materials secret * Meet legal responsibilities (such as data protection principles). Organisations must follow health, safety and security procedures. Failure to do so may result in dire consequences for an organisation. On the other hand, if employees, customers and others can see that an organisation works hard to look after peoples wellbeing, then the organisation will be held in high esteem as a caring and professional organisation. This is why employers and employees should take this subject very seriously. You dont have the authority to make such a decision but at the same time you cant opt to do nothing at all. In this instance you should bring it to the attention of an appropriate manager. Get help An important piece of machinery breaks down, which means that half of the workforce has little to do and there is a continuing build-up of part-finished products. The machine needs to be repaired and the whole production line needs to be organised as efficiently as possible. This is the job of a manager and is not your problem.